• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.59-70
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• 2012

There are many methods to buy and sell online items. But A lot of people use item trade sites when they want to sell or buy their items. This article analyzes the price structure of item trade, and finds why gamers use item trade sites in spite of the brokerage. We analyze the difference of item prices between in the market of item trade sites and in the market of other trade methods. And we find that the prices of item trade sites is higher than those of other markets. Buyers pay about 6% higher prices to seller. The higher prices are for the safe trading what item trade sites supply. And sellers take about 0.7% higher prices than in other markets. There is a sufficient motive when gamers use item trade sites in spite of their high prices.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.135-156
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• 2005

Since July 7 mutual declaration in 1988 which is a landmark for South-North Korean relations, Inter-Korean Trade has been set out. During the period, the Inter-Korean Trade has been ups and downs depending on the Inter-Korean relations and economic situation of both countries. South Korea became one of the major three trading countries of North Korea's trading partners in 2000, when the sum of annual trade volume reached the record 425million US dollars. A rapidly increasing number of countries including North Korea are developing national policies and strategies to promote the digital economy, recognizing the potential benefits of e-business as an engine of growth and development. However, the trade structure of South-North Korea remains very simple in terms of its contents. Furthermore trade procedure many limitations especially electronic commerce in North Korea has many obstacles to working properly. The information in Inter-Korean trade cannot be shared in common. South Korean firms have suffered repeatedly trial and error and excessive competition took place among South Korean firms. Institutional inertia related to mutual trade, political and military Impacts on Inter-Korean economic relations, abnormal industrial structure of North Korea and insufficiency of SOC could be mentioned as major problems in Inter-Korean trade as well. Several measures should be taken in order to cope with those problems. First of all, South Korean government should provide valuable information to business firms about North Korean economy and business environments. It is suggested that forums related to inter-Korean trade hold in regular base between South and North Koreas and establish the system of business information sharing. Second, the government should improve various laws and regulations to respond to the realistic needs of inter-Korean trade. That is, detailed measures should be taken to guarantee investment in electronic commerce. Third, it is desirable to start with the mutual agreement between South and North Korea.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.389-416
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• 2020

This paper provides empirical evidence on the reorganization of GVCs in East Asia, highlighting that structural trends explain a decrease in the fragmentation of production after 2011 but that it is not the result of rising trade costs along the value chain. Using harmonized inter-country input-output tables, the paper first analyzes the global import intensity of production to document changes in the structure of GVCs. It then calculates theory-consistent bilateral trade costs for intermediate and final products using an approach derived from the gravity literature and introduces a new index of cumulative trade costs along the value chain. These data are used to discuss whether the decrease in global imports is the consequence of shifts in demand, efficiency-enhancing strategies of firms or rising trade costs. Between 2011 and 2016, cumulative trade costs have decreased in East Asian GVCs. However, as COVID-19 is likely to intensify trade and investment uncertainties, trade costs could increase in the future. Policies aimed at reducing uncertainties and preserving the gains from trade and investment liberalization will be key in this new environment.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.92-93
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• 2003

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.24-47
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• 2006

Based on the findings of a study focused on medical institutions(Fama & French, 2002), this study determined possible causality between determinants of capital structure and liability level, while estimating targeted debt ratio. Moreover, it also examined hypotheses about the adjustment of targeted debt ratio and the of fundraising patterns, so that it verified the relative priority of trade-off theory and pecking order theory. First, profitability had positive(+) relationships with liability level, while investment opportunities had negative(-) relationships with liability level. This finding supported pecking order theory, and non-liability tax shield effects had negative(-) relationships with liability level as estimated in both trade-off theory and pecking order theory. Next, this study verified trade-off and pecking order theory at once by means of regression analysis about the variation of liability level in associations with disparity from targeted debt ratio and short-term fluctuation of profit and investment. As a result, it was noted that liability level became mean-reversed to targeted liability ratio but slowly, SO it was difficult to assert that such mean reverse may support trade-off theory. However, the finding that most of short-term fluctuations of profit and investment are absorbed into liabilities supported pecking order theory. On the other hand, it was found that the larger scale of medical institutions is more supportive of pecking order theory in the associations between liability level and profitability and the fundraising patterns than trade-off theory.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Confucius Institute Chinese international promotion could better promote the development of China's foreign trade, by analyzing the distribution of the Confucius Institute worldwide, based on the theory of language economics, using SWOT analysis to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the internal environment, opportunities and challenges of the external environment of Chinese international promotion of Confucius Institute. The following findings were gathered: as a language teaching institution and information exchange platform, Confucius Institute has the ability to share trade information and increase trade opportunities; to improve cultural identity and reduce transaction costs; to promote cultural communication and integration, and drive the development of related industries. The internal disadvantages were mainly reflected in the mismatch between the global regional distribution structure of Confucius Institutes, and the economic and trade structure, such as, the asymmetry between language, culture output, and demand. In addition, the management mechanism was not perfect. External opportunities were mainly new opportunities brought by economic globalization, cultural diversity, and the development of the Belt and Road initiative. External challenges were mainly influenced by the China threat theory and the fierce cultural competition among countries. The corresponding countermeasures were put forward based on the advantages of the platform and grasping the external opportunities: improving the quality of operation and speeding up the localization process; respecting cultural differences and realizing cultural common learning; seeking multilateral cooperation and enhancing the capacity for independent development.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

China and Korea are good neighbors and partners. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, the two countries have made promising achievements in political, economic, and humanistic exchanges for over three decades. In particular, bilateral economic and trade relations have yielded fruitful results, attracting worldwide attention. There are also unavoidable issues in the rapid development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. And it is of great significance to look back on the past and look forward to the future on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the Korea. With the upgrading of China's industrial structure and technological level, the bilateral trade relationship has gradually shifted from a complementary one to a competitive one. It is essential that both countries keep in mind the mutually beneficial nature of their relationship and make due contribution to the development of the Northeast Asian region and the world economy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.56
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• pp.57-76
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• 2012

As globalization accelerates and the trade environment rapidly changes, a more prepared trade workforce is required for the business world. The trade department is an important educational institution that educates and trains future trade talent. Thus, in the evolving trade environment, their role has significant implications for the economic growth of Korea. The present paper is a comparative study of the importance of the university education system in terms of the trade work force through the Person-Organization fit (P-O fit) perspective. We observe that the American trade education system is more oriented to meet and reflect the needs from the real world. It contains a support structure through various governmental organizations that offer financial incentives as well as educational opportunities through internships and other hands-on experiences. The trade education systems in universities in Korea are still static by comparison and are recommended to implement changes that will give students more practical exposure to trade. The governmental and business sectors are also encouraged to support universities in achieving these goals through building a strong cooperative network with university trade departments.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2020

This study examines the research trends and knowledge structure of international trade studies using topic modeling method, which is one of the main methodologies of text mining. We collected and analyzed English abstracts of 1,868 papers of three Korean major journals in the area of international trade from 2003 to 2019. We used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA), an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to extract the latent topics from the large quantity of research abstracts. 20 topics are identified without any prior human judgement. The topics reveal topographical maps of research in international trade and are representative and meaningful in the sense that most of them correspond to previously established sub-topics in trade studies. Then we conducted a regression analysis on the document-topic distributions generated by LDA to identify hot and cold topics. We discovered 2 hot topics(internationalization capacity and performance of export companies, economic effect of trade) and 2 cold topics(exchange rate and current account, trade finance). Trade studies are characterized as a interdisciplinary study of three agendas(i.e. international economy, International Business, trade practice), and 20 topics identified can be grouped into these 3 agendas. From the estimated results of the study, we find that the Korean government's active pursuit of FTA and consequent necessity of capacity building in Korean export firms lie behind the popularity of topic selection by the Korean researchers in the area of int'l trade.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-201
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• 2009

As a result of overemphasizing the goods sector in trade structure, Korea does not meet properly the global trend which has the key role of 'trade in services' as the service economy have been expanded. Hereafter, it is easily forecasted that trade in services will be one of the main factors for Korea's competitiveness and engine of growth. Nevertheless, because Korea does not equip the concreteness of governance for trade in services, it is possible that the efficiency deterioration of trade volume, confusion of Korea's trade policy, conflict among trading countries, and discordance between the interested parties may be occurred. This paper analyzes the governance system of Korea for trade in services in order to enhance the competitiveness reflecting the importance of trade in services and to draw some strategies for remodeling the service governance system. It is expected to raise the efficiency of Korea's trade policy by constructing the systematic governance for trade in services, and to remove lots of latent risks during global transactions by improving the imbalance between manufacturing and service part for the development of trade in services in Korea. Analysis revealed itself the result that Korea is weak enough to can not identify the governance system about trade in services. Except 'Extent of Services' article of the Foreign Trade Act, Korea has not prepared the governance system for trade in services so that governance system have been scattered overly or decentralized. Problems about trade in services are not limited to enterprise's side, but extended to all the players including government agency whole, academic world and research institute. Therefore, the governance of trade in services should be strengthened and systematized by making the model law for trade in services(provisional name : Master Law for Trade in Services or Promotion Law for Trade in Services) by formatting type of fundamental law or separate legislation. If the bill legislation does not meet the conditions, the Foreign Trade Act should be totally reformed to Omnibus Trade Act concept including trade in services.