• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2015

This paper considers a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer under the cap-and-trade emissions regulation and a permit supplier. We study joint production quantity and investment in reducing permit production cost decisions for centralized and decentralized supply chains. We formulate two supply chain contracts with aims to coordinate the decentralized supply chain; wholesale price contract and cost-sharing contract. Under the cost-sharing contract, the manufacturer shares a part of the investment in reducing permit production cost and then is allowed to purchase emission permit at a lower price. We analytically find that the proposed cost-sharing contract with reasonable parameters can coordinate the supply chain whereas the wholesale price contract is not desirable to achieve the system-wide profit. Numerical example is followed to support the analysis.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.347-351
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• 2022

The article is devoted to the formation of approaches to improving the system of administration of customs payments in modern conditions. It is established that important components of the administration of customs payments are customs expertise, customs value assessment, and control over the declaration of goods to ensure the completeness and timeliness of customs duties payments to the budget. It is found that the practice of customs administration shifts the emphasis of foreign trade regulation to the use of the principles of work implying the use of the latest technologies for the preliminary electronic exchange of information, remote customs clearance of goods without the physical presence of an official, and consistent application of risk management. It is established that an important place in the structure of the state authorities regulating the foreign economic activity is given to the customs service. Furthermore, the existing problems in the implementation of international trade operations necessitate the improvement of approaches to the customs regulation of export-import activities of enterprises.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.265-282
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• 2008

This article is a study on the A Study on the Export and Import Public Notification System for Efficiency of Trade Item Management. The purpose of this article shall be studies to the trade control regulation in korea foreign law. this article are two most important elements in strategic item and rule of origin. that is, economic profit and nation industries protect have been obtain trade control system. The trade public notification system achieve efficiency of trade item control and nation industry development and domestic customer protect and trade order for trade system and control scheme. Therefor, The Result of the article is review to protection of domestic.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2019

This paper determines if mandated alcohol health information labelling could be an obstacle to international trade by discussing international trade rules affecting member nations. WTO members could use alcohol labelling rules to protect human health, reduce the consumption of alcohol and provide product information. When a member uses alcohol labelling as a technical regulation or standard, it should comply with TBT Articles 2.2 and 2.4. If a member uses some specific warning messages for their objectives, it should be considered the contribution of the measure, trade restrictiveness, and alternatives. If WTO members want to employ their own alcohol labelling schemes for addressing carcinogenicity, intoxicating effects, dependence potential, effects on children, adolescents and pregnancy, it could be a technical barrier and also create adverse effects on international trade. Therefore, the harms of alcohol are supported by scientific evidence, and for this reason, the international harmonization for alcohol labelling should be discussed openly to prevent negative effects on trade.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.289-310
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• 2013

지난 시기 우리나라는 수출진흥을 위한 정책적 수단으로 무역금융제도를 적극적으로 활용해 왔으며, 또한 그 효과에 있어서 의심의 여지가 없다. 그러나 2008년 리먼브라더스 파산으로 인한 세계금융위기를 겪으면서 국제사회는 유동성 리스크를 효과적으로 관리하기 위하여 바젤 III를 새롭게 등장시켰다. 우리나라는 시중은행을 중심으로 무역금융을 지원하고 있으나, 국내 시중은행의 취약한 해외신용평가, 위험인수 역량으로 인해 다양한 무역금융기법의 활용이 부족한 실정이다. 이러한 상황에서 바젤 III 등 관련 국제규범 도입에 따른 무역금융 위축 가능성에도 대비해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 무역금융제도의 현황을 분석하고, 금융시장의 국제적 규제 강화 추이에 적극적인 대응방안을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 기존의 시중은행을 통한 저금리 융자를 통한 지원정책을 벗어나 공공부문을 통한 무역금융지원이 확대되어야 한다. 특히 수출입은행, 한국무역보험공사 등을 적극 활용하여 해외 진출기업에 대한 지원, 고 신용위험 국가와의 교역에 대한 지원, 중소기업의 지원확대, 바젤 III 등 국제적 논의 참여 방안에 대하여 제시하였다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2019

Currently many companies are interested in reduction of the carbon emissions associated with their supply chain activities such as transportation and operations. Operational decisions, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Cap-and-trade regulation, sometimes called emissions trading, is a market-based tool to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap-and-trade regulation, emission credits are allocated to the firms and the firms trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes. In this paper, we propose a single-manufacturer single-buyer two-echelon supply chain problem under the cap-and-trade mechanism incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities where a single manufacturer produces a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) Purchasing. An integrated multi-product lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Also, an iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to derive the common order interval, the number of intervals for each product and the number of shipments between the buyer and the manufacturer during the common interval. A numerical example is given to illustrate the savings in reduction of total cost and carbon emissions by the inventory model incorporating cap-and-trade mechanism compared to the classical inventory model. The proposed inventory model could be useful for the practical solution of two-echelon supply chain inventory problem under cap-and-trade mechanism.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2012

Food allergy refers to an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to food, mainly to proteinaceous constituents. Health implications vary between those individuals who experience mild physical discomforts to those with fast-acting, life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. The prevalence of food allergy is higher in children than in adults, estimated around 4-8% and 1-2% respectively in developed countries. Food allergy has no effective cure at the present time and total avoidance of causative foods is the most reliable prophylactic method currently recommended by the medical community. To help food allergic patients to make informed choices of their foods, mandatory labeling of selected food allergens has been introduced in several countries. All food allergen labelling provisions specify a set of allergens common to the regulated countries. Policy divergence, however, exists between countries by inclusion of additional allergens unique to specific countries and enforcement of specific labelling requirements. Such variations in food allergen labelling regulations make it difficult to manage allergen labeling in imported pre-packaged food products. This paper addresses two current issues in food allergen regulation: 1) an urgent need to determine true prevalence of food allergy in the Asia-Pacific region. This will enable refinement to the food allergen regulation to be more country-specific rather than simply adopting CODEX recommendations. 2) There is an urgent need for harmonization of food allergen regulation in order to prevent food allergen regulation becoming a trade barrier.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.125-141
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• 2006

It is no unnecessary to tell the importance of foreign trade in Korea economics. Nevertheless, government's direct support is impossible owing to WTO's regulation. Accordingly, government have brought focus into trade facilitation as paperless trade. e-Trade document repositary building by government's budget and private sector's cooperation is a part of e-Trade platform and necessary function in connection with relay and certification of e-Trade document. This study examined the estimated operational problems of e-Trade document repositary as compared Licensed Electronic Document Repositary. Firstly, the operator of e-Trade document repositary undertake multiple role and function as Licensed Certification Authorities(e-sign Act), Licensed Electronic Document Repositary(Framework Act on Electronic Transaction) etc. Secondly, sufficient levy that meet operating cost of the e-trade document is the key point of e-Trade document repositary's success, because additional budget invest in that operation is too hard to do. Thirdly, the operator of the e-Trade document repositary have to keep fairness, objectivity and transparency because the operational right is exclusive.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.491-516
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• 2012

본 논문은 현재 협상 중인 한 중 FTA관련하여 예상되는 무역의 기술장벽의 현안을 도출하고 그 문제점과 대응방안에 대하여 중점적으로 고찰해 보았다. 우선 FTA 무역 기술장벽의 이론적 배경인 의의와 유형을 살펴보았고, WTO의 주요 협정 내용 및 한국과 중국의 FTA 기술부문의 동향에 대해서도 알아보았다. 중국과의 무역의 기술장벽에서 쟁점이 될 수 있는 현안을 통보문 건수가 많은 "사람의 건강과 또는 안전의 보호", "환경보호" 및 "국제표준과의 조화", "투명성" 등으로 도출하였다. 대응방안으로는 중국의 배타적 기술규정에 대해 정부 차원에서 철회할 수 있도록 해야 하며 한국기업은 높은 수준의 환경규제에 충족하는 제품을 개발해야 하고 정부에서도 이러한 기업들에게 재정지원, 세제혜택 및 금융지원 등의 장려책을 실시해야 한다. 국제표준 활동의 역량강화와 전문인력의 확보가 중요하다 하겠다. 또한 한 중 정보 전달의 속도를 높이고 투명성을 제고하기 위하여 상호 직접적인 통보망을 설치하면 효율적이다. 중국의 지역통보자문센터와 유기적이고 협력적인 교류가 필요하며 기술규제의 재 개정 및 새로운 기술규제의 의견 수렴기간을 다양하게 해야 한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.95-113
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• 2022

Tariffs on pharmaceuticals are generally low, but the time-consuming and costly licensing procedures of importing countries may act as barriers to trade. Accordingly, in terms of improving export competitiveness through cost reduction of exporting countries and improving public health for importing countries, international regulatory collaboration is effective for both countries. However, little is known about the impact of cross-border cooperation in pharmaceutical regulation on international trade. This study empirically analyzed the effect of cross-border regulatory collaboration on pharmaceutical trade using the gravity model. It was confirmed that the regulatory collaboration measures had a trade promotion effect in all drugs(HS29+HS30), finished drugs (HS30), and vaccines (HS300220). This study is meaningful in that it empirically analyzed with the consideration of the reference pharmacopoeia, safety and effectiveness in addition to the GMP inspection used in the previous study.