• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.179-198
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• 2023

Purpose - There is a paucity of literature dealing with exporters' compliance issues in e-commerce exports. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring customs initiatives to facilitate the e-commerce exports of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the changed compliance environment. The central question of this study was divided into five subquestions: first regarding the pros and cons of trade facilitation measures for Korean e-commerce export clearance; second and third questions about risk and compliance management for facilitation fourth about instruments, the changes in Korean SME compliance burden in e-commerce exports, and ways to improve trade facilitation for e-commerce exports. Design/methodology - This study adopts a qualitative approach using a case study method to understand the SME experience in Korean e-commerce export compliance procedures. A qualitative method was selected to answer research questions requiring an in-depth understanding of the regulatory procedures of customs administration and exporters' compliance burden. Because this study addresses the changing compliance environment for which statistical data is insufficient, a quantitative method is considered inappropriate. Based on the approach, data were collected using multiple sources, including an extensive literature review, interviews, and field observations. Thematic pattern matching was applied to interpret the data. Findings - This study examined ways to support SMEs in the changed e-commerce export compliance environment. Facilitation measures for e-commerce exports have contributed to SME access to global markets, simplifying export clearance procedures, and saving exporters' compliance costs. However, such instruments are limited in promoting SME compliance capabilities to cope with intensified competition and strengthened controls over foreign exporters in cross-border e-commerce. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of reshaping facilitation measures for e-commerce exports based on risk and compliance management theories to a system encouraging exporters' voluntary compliance. Originality/value - This study's academic significance derives from verifying the relationship between trade facilitation instruments and risk and compliance management procedures using an actual case in Korea. It is also of practical importance in navigating the directions for improving facilitation measures for e-commerce exports in a changed compliance environment.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.45-62
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• 2022

Purpose - Using unexpected changes in geopolitical tensions on the Korean peninsula as a quasi-natural experimental setting, we examine whether and how geopolitical risks travel across borders through firm-level imports and exports linkages. We also test whether the effects are driven by either imports or exports and assess whether firms can effectively hedge themselves against geopolitical risks. Design/methodology - We focus on a series of unanticipated geopolitical events taken place in Korea in 2018. Making use of the shocks to geopolitical climate, we identify five milestone events toward peace talks. We employ the event studies methodology. We examine heterogenous firm-level stock price reactions around key event dates depending on firms' exposure to geopolitical risks. As a measure of firms' exposure to geopolitical risks in Korea, we utilize a text-based measure of firm-level trade links. When a firm announces and discusses its purchase of inputs from Korea or sales of outputs to Korea in their annual disclosure filings, we define a firm to have a trade relationship with Korea and have exposure to Korean geopolitical risks. Similarly, we use a measure of a firm's hedging policies based on a firm's textual mention of the use of foreign exchange derivatives in their annual disclosure. Findings - We find that U.S. firms that have direct trade links to Korea gained significantly more value when the intensity of geopolitical risks drops compared to firms without such trade links to Korea. The effects are pronounced for firms purchasing inputs from or selling outputs to Korea. We find that the effectiveness of foreign exchange hedging against geopolitical risks is limited. Originality/value - We document the international transmission of geopolitical uncertainty through trade linkages. Export links as well as import links serve as important nexus of transmission of geopolitical risks across borders. Hedging strategies involving foreign-exchanges derivatives do not seem to insulate firms again geopolitical risks. With the recent movements of localization and reshuffling of the global value chain, our results suggest a significant impact of geopolitical risks in Korea on the construction of the global value chain.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.47-74
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• 2018

미국은 20세기 GATT와 WTO 설립에 크게 기여하며 자유무역국가로 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 2017년 트럼프 행정부 출범과 함께 '미국 우선주의'(America-First) 정책 노선과 그 과정에서의 교역상대국에 대한 일방적인 통상압박으로 신(新)통상기류에 대한 우려를 확산시키고 있다. 하지만 미국은 역사적으로도 자국의 이해관계가 큰 산업 군에 대해서는 일방주의 통상정책을 활용해 왔는데, 대표적인 예가 일본 및 한국의 자동차 산업과 관련된 것이다. 본 논문에서는 자동차 산업을 중심으로 미국의 일방주의 통상정책 사례를 일별한 뒤 향후 미국의 또 다른 주력 산업인 IT, 지적재산, 서비스, 농축산물과 관련해 재연될 소지가 있는 본 정책 노선에 대해 지적하고 이에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 또한, 미국이 상기 일방주의 통상정책으로 기대했던 결과를 달성 했는지에 대한 검토와 평가도 함께 고찰한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper empirically analyzed the determinants of the online food market in Korea and Vietnam as representatives of the developed market and emerging market. The online food market can be regarded as having a high potential value. This study aims to suggest the appropriate implications for each developed market and emerging market by empirically comparing and analyzing customers' online food purchase determinants in the growth change of the online food market. Design/methodology - The empirical model of this study was established with the motif of the TAM+Trust model suggested by Nguyen et al.'s (2019) existing theoretical framework. Davis's (1989) TAM model was adopted to establish a framework related to the determinants that consumers would accept, for the online food purchasing method. Then, the trust variable is added to the framework which is regarded as an important effector especially in food related researches. In this study's comparative analysis, the multi-group structural equation modeling analysis was implemented. Findings - The main finding of this study can be summarized as that the moderating effect of nationality is significant. This means that there is an obvious difference between the developed online food market and the emerging online food market. In addition, as the growth of the online market changes, the significant determinants of consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions are somewhat different. However, the usefulness of online food purchasing methods and the trust of websites were analyzed as significant factors. Originality/value - Although the potential of the online food market is abundant, studies on the determinants of customer's attitude and purchase intention are insufficient. Moreover, comparative studies between countries have not been conducted in existing studies. Therefore, the research value of this paper can be explained in that it has suggested implications for the continued growth of the online food market.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.45-71
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• 2006

The main objective of this study is to analyze problems of the Country of Origin Labeling(COOL) in small live fish(SLF) trade by applying the asymmetric information theory which is called ${\ulcorner}$Lemon Market Theory${\lrcorner}$. The purpose of importing SLF is to enhance fishing household income and import substitution effect as well. SLF importation is quite different in its nature from importing general fish and fish products for final/direct consumption. SLF are imported for the purpose of domestic aquaculture and naturalization where domestic production/supply of SLF is less than domestic demand for or such species are not native to Korean waters. Information asymmetric problems arise even in SLF trade as the same way in general goods and services. However, the information asymmetry issues in SLF trade are much more complex than non-living goods because SLF are traded in the live state. To alleviate such problems the Korean government initiated the general COOL scheme to imported SLF. However, many experts argues that such policy on SLF would not be appropriate because of SLF's very nature. Applying the lemon market theory, we can analyze how information discovery schemes are able to signal correct information to SLF trading parties and to result in more symmetric information in SLF trade markets. This research carried out a case study about small live eel(SLF) trade and its farming. The results showed that applying the COOL to small live eels just right upon coming into fish farms tends to increase substantially fish farmer's income and at the same time to lower unnecessary transaction costs. In particular, such transaction costs by imposing simply the general COOL on SLF may easily outweigh its benefits. For instance, to resolve the problems, the Korean ministry of agriculture and forestry(KMAF) has developed a quite different COOL rules from the general ones and has applied them to imported live cattle and medium/small livestocks. The KMAF's differentiated COOL policy on some imported livestocks may be a good case which can be applied to imported SLF. In addition to the differentiated COOL on SLF, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and traceability system would play crucial complementary roles in alleviating information asymmetry problems in SLF trade. Advanced fisheries tend to strengthen their SPS system rather than to adopt the general comprehensive COOL schemes into imported SLF trades and domestic market exchanges.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1996

Food-borne illnesses remain a world-wide public heath problem, Codex food standards, codes of practice and other guidelines protect consumers from unsafe food. Codex Alimentarius helps to reach this goal by combining consumer protection with food production and trade. Codex provides reassurance to anyone anywhere that foods produced according to its codes of hygienic practice and complying with its standards are safe and nutritious and offer adequate health protection. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is a science-based, international organization. Its standards, guidelines and recommendations are recognized world-wide for their vital role in protecting the consumer and facilitation international trade. At the same time they allow food producers, processors and traders access to markets by breaking down artificial nontariff barriers to trade.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.123-136
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• 2019

This study investigates the facilitating factors of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows in 15 developing countries of three continents (Asia, Latin America, and Africa) using fixed-effect panel regression analysis with 30-year macro socio-economic data. The facilitating factors of FDI inflows in each continent differed. In Asia, labor compensation, GDP, consumer expenditure, human capital, and export facilitated FDI inflows in decreasing order, as did export, total factor productivity, GDP, and human capital in Latin America, and investment expenditure, human capital, government expenditure, and export in Africa. Most importantly, the character of cost saving efficiency-seeking investment was very strong in Asia. Also, third-party export-oriented investment and economic growth-oriented investment were shown in Latin America and Africa, respectively.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2001

전시공간은 인간 그리고 전시물에 대해 그 외형과 더불어 내재된 가치의 상호작용까지 고려해야 하므로 건축 및 실내건축의 설계, 전시 프로그램의 기획 조정, 전시공간에의 구체화, 운영 및 관리 등의 여러 가지 작업들이 조화를 이루어 형성되는 결과물이다. 그러므로 박람회의 전시공간은 축적된 가치의 산물들을 보유하는 장소로서의 기능 뿐 아니라 관람자와의 커뮤니케이션을 이룰 수 있는 기능적 역할을 수행하여야 한다. 그러므로 무역박람회 전시의 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 전시물의 특성, 전시내용, 전시 프로그램뿐만 아니라 전시장의 위치와 형태에 따른 효과적인 커뮤니케이tus 계획을 수립해야 한다. 무역박람회 전시매장의 전시공간은 그 위치에 따라 벽형, 모퉁이형, 머리형, 섬형, 양 입구형 5가지로 분류될 수 있으며, 이러한 위치에 따른 커뮤니케이션 계획은 수동적 커뮤니케이션 구역, 능동적 커뮤니케이션 구역, 집약적 커뮤니케이션 구역, 기능수행 구역으로 그 기능을 구분하여 계획해야 한다. 이와 같은 무역박람회 전시공간의 전시형태와 위치에 관련한 커뮤니케이션 계획을 통하여 성공적인 전시를 위한 내용과 방법을 모색할 수 있으며 무역박람회 전시의 목적을 달성할 수 있을 것이다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.27-48
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• 2011

싱글 윈도우는 무역 촉진의 중요한 부분으로 세계 각국 특히 무역 의존도가 높은 아시아 국가들이 적극적으로 참여하고 있다. 한국은 지난 1990년대 무역자동화를 시작으로 2007년 한국형 싱글윈도우인 uTradeHub를 오픈했고 2010년에는 uTradeHub상의 전자네고시스템을 개발, 인터넷에서도 신용장 네고가 실현되었다. 특히 통관 부분에 국한된 많은 나라들의 싱글윈도우와 달리 한국의 uTraHub는 세계 최초의 웹 기반 싱글 윈도우로 바이어나 셀러를 찾는 단계에서부터 최종 결제까지 인터넷에서 이루어지는 것이 특징이다. 현재까지는 국내에서만 한해 이와 같은 싱글 윈도우서비스가 가능하지만 외국 싱글윈도우와의 연계를 통해 단절없는 싱글 윈도우 서비스를 제공한다는 목표이다. 중국은 싱글윈도우 구축에 있어서 여타 아시아 국가에 비해서 다소 늦게 출발했다. 골든게이트 프로젝트로 시작된 무역 자동화가 E-port 프로젝트를 통해서 전자 통판서비스로 이어졌다. 현재중국에서 싱글윈도우의 주체로 고려되는 대상은 전자통관시스템주체인 '차이나 E포트'와 한국의 KTNET과 유사한 CIECC, 싱글 윈도우를 운영하는 각 지방 정부 등이다. 싱글윈도우의 성공 조건인 적극적인 정부 지원, 법적 기반의 마련, 관련 기관간의 협조, 적절한 기술 조화 등을 고려했을 때 법적 기반이 다소 미흡하긴 하지만 중국은 이미 성공을 위한 요건은 대부분 갖추었다고 볼 수 있다. 중국의 싱글 윈도우를 이끄는 주체로는 경쟁 체제인 지방 정부보다는 중앙 정부의 적극적인 지원을 전제로 해서 기업인 CIECC가 진행하는 형태가 바람직할 것으로 생각한다, 특히 향후 외국 싱글윈도우와의 원활한 연계를 위해서도 기업이 비즈니스 파트너로서 나서는 것이 바람직하다고 분석되어진다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.291-305
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the consumer responses such as willingness to pay premium and purchasing cost for fair trade coffee as an ethical product while considering the treatment effect of consumer knowledge. First, the levels of consumer knowledge, willingness to pay premium and purchasing cost were presented. Then, the influencing factors on willingness to pay premium and purchasing cost of fair trade coffee were analyzed by applying the treatment effect model. From the results, first, the level of willingness to pay premium was high and consumers having purchasing experience of fair trade coffee spent 9,923 won at once, while less than half of the consumers knew the fair trade coffee. Second, consumer knowledge, ethical judgement, perception of price value, education level and pocket money significantly influenced to willingness to pay premium, while consumer knowledge, information evaluation, importance of fair trade criteria and level of education significantly influenced to purchasing cost for fair trade coffee. Especially, consumer knowledge of fair trade coffee was an important influencing factor for willingness to pay premium and purchasing cost indirectly as well as directly. Thus, this study might provide some useful information for consumers to choose the ethical behavior and the related companies to create effective promoting strategies for ethical products.