• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.491-516
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to research the situation of Technical Barriers of Trade(TBT) between Korea and China and analyze a pending issue such as a regular TBT notifications and specific trade concerns informed to WTO/TBT committee by Korea and China and seek the Countermeasures for Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA. Generally, in case of a regular TBT notifications, "a protection of human health or safety" and "protection of the environment" are drawn a main articles from TBT committee data. And in case of a specific trade concerns, "international standard" and "transparency" are drawn a important factor from the said data. Henceforth those kinds of articles shall be an issuable matters for negotiation of Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA. The results of the study indicate mainly that as Countermeasures of Korea for Technical Barriers of Trade in Korea-China FTA, Korean government level requires to withdraw an exclusive technical regulation of China and supports to improve Chinese technology for safety of products. Korean enterprises should develop products to meet an environment regulation and Korean government should support finance incentive, tax incentive to enterprises. Besides, regarding new international standard it is necessary for Korean side to dominate a relative regulation. First of all, it is important to secure a strength of capability and human resource for international standard activity. For improving a conveyance of notification information and transparency between Korea and China, it is efficient to establish a mutual direct network of notification.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.171-192
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• 2013

The FTA utilization rate in Korea current, compared with the developed countries, utilization rate is low overall. In particular, in the case of Korea-ASEAN FTA, etc. remain at 30% level, improvement of FTA utilization has emerged as a matter of urgency. In addition, the proportion receiving the FTA preferential tariff trade companies have also been assessed as weak, improve the utilization ratio is in the policy issue of maximum. In this study, in order to increase the utilization of FTA trading enterprises, and analyzes were performed in reality. And to understand the FTA bottleneck matters of trade enterprises, and was also studied improvement plan consulting and education FTA utilization of trading partners. This has a purpose to provide data useful measures making to improve the utilization of FTA government. It is expected that the contribution of export expansion trade companies that take advantage of the FTA as a result of this study, enhancement of FTA policy, to strengthen the support base of FTA policy.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.34-48
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• 2020

Purpose - The rapid rise of e-commerce enterprises has led to the development of the logistics industry. At the same time, some enterprises are motivated by the interests to start reducing costs and inputs, which on the contrary leads to low quality of service, thus reducing customer satisfaction. In recent years, vicious competition, violent express delivery and lack of professionalism in the logistics market have led to high annual customer complaint rate, which has resulted in the company losing many loyal customers, but also unable to obtain new customers. Therefore, to pay attention to and understand the psychological needs of customers and improve the quality of logistics distribution service has become a pressing problem for Every express company. Design/methodology - By analyzing the problems existing in logistics distribution of express companies, this paper explores various factors affecting customer satisfaction and takes consumer sentiment as a mediating variable. Through questionnaires to collect relevant data, put forward hypotheses for empirical analysis, use two different software including SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 to analyze the information, draw conclusions and make recommendations. Findings - According to the above research results, the reliability, convenience, efficiency, professional can have a positive impact on customer satisfaction through the mediating effect of their sentiment, convenience and professional on consumer sentiment and satisfaction are more significant. Originality/value - This paper the establishment of distribution service indicators related to customer satisfaction and empirical analysis can not only enrich and supplement the distribution service quality indicator system studied by the former, but also provide a theoretical basis for future research.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.45-65
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• 2019

Purpose - As the well-known Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm implies, risk structure of a corporation may affect its risk management activity and the activity may in turn determine its performance. Depending on its goal, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can shape its risk structure, risk management and its performance. Under this assumption, we investigate the relationship between the goals of FDI and risk management for the first time in academics. Design/methodology - This empirical research uses a survey of 279 current Korean enterprises' FDIs in China with the recently developed business risk quadrant model. Companies are classified into either a market- or an efficiency-seeking group, to identify how each group perceives and manages risks, and values the performance of risk management. Also, we apply integrated risk management method that multinational corporations have introduced in China, then verify the mediating effect between risk factors and performance. Findings - Our research shows the FDIs can expose themselves to differing risk structure although risk management activities simply represent the level of empowerment given to local management by headquarter due to limit of sample size despite diversity of risk and risk management tools. To sum, market seekers are found to have more strategic risk (revenue related risk) than efficiency seekers with financial risk (cost related risk). The market seekers can manage their risk by empowering their local organisation while the efficiency does the opposite ways. The risk management appears to be successful in general. Originality/value - Previous studies on small and medium enterprises' FDIs to China have concentrated on the analysis of entry determinants, withdrawal factors and individual risk management. Meanwhile, this research establishes enterprise-wide risk factors faced by the companies that advance into China, according to the method of the classification by ERM and verifies if they could synthetically improve performance through risk corresponding measures.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2022

The article examines the problems of ensuring the effectiveness of the economic security system in the face of increasing competition. The relevance of the study is determined by the intensification of competition between enterprises and the threats arising from this phenomenon. The methodological basis is the methods used: analysis and synthesis - to identify the main trends in the development of tools for economic security of the enterprise; systematization - to highlight the main characteristics of the economic security of the enterprise in the intensification of competition; generalization - to form the general conclusions of the study. The purpose of scientific research is to substantiate the feasibility of using the tools of the economic security system to increase its efficiency in the face of intensifying competition. The main components of the economic security system of the enterprise, which have the greatest impact on the formation of an effective level of economic security. The defining characteristics of the system of economic security of the enterprise are investigated. Special characteristics of the economic security system of the enterprise are considered. The offered directions of tools of maintenance of system of economic safety of the enterprise in competitive conditions: objective, subjective external, subjective internal. For each area, specific tools for ensuring the system of economic security, which affect its efficiency, have been identified.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2021

Purpose - This study intended to identify the effects of varied institutional systems and policies that regulate or define operations of enterprises upon the profitability of private enterprises through case analysis. Design/methodology/approach - The systems and differences in the institution and commodity distribution in Korea and Japan, which define the operation of the "Garak Wholesale Market" and "Ota Wholesale Market". We were examined in the presentthis study, and the statistical data pertinent to the trade volume and profitability of wholesale market corporations that substantially run both markets, were analyzed. Findings - The competition among the corporations that run the "Garak Wholesale Market" substantially is limited due to regulations over the mode of transaction and monopoly of trust thereby significantly higher level of profitability and safety are guaranteed. However, the institutional autonomy that enabled each distributor in the "Ota Wholesale Market" to compete with each other freely caused the distributors therein face difficulties in securing stable profits due to the relatively poor level of profitability resulted from the autonomy. Research implications or Originality - It seems the autonomy in commercial transaction in the "Garak Wholesale Market" in Korea needs to be secured to promote the competition of distributors therein through an amelioration of institutional systems and amendment of relevant laws that prescribe current management of various distributors/operators in the market.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.119-133
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• 2021

After 'Zhou Chuchu (走出去, Go global)' in the early 2000s, and with the 'One-to-One Road' initiative in 2012, China's Overseas Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) has increased significantly, resulting in high academic interest. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of national risks of home country on China's OFDI by using data from 49 countries along the 'One-to-One Road' between 2007 and 2018, and to compare the factors of national risks that attract investment from the world. As a result of the study, market economy companies' perceptions of national risks are mostly negative, so risk acts as a deterrent to investment. On the other hand, national risks of home countries have had positive effects on China's OFDI, which would mean that Chinese investors, mostly state-owned enterprises have a high tendency to invest in regions or countries with high national risks. Other economic factors, such as the size of the investment partner country's market, GNI per capita, and trade openness, had a positive (+) effect, and natural resources had a negative (-) effect on China's OFDI. As dummy variables, FTA, which is an economic and diplomatic factor, SCO, which is a political and diplomatic factor, and bordering which is a geographical factor, were also found to have a positive (+) effect. This study implies the investment pattern of China's OFDI is due to the characteristics of China's unique geopolitical and economic system, and it is judged to be influenced by political and strategic factors, especially the aspects led by state-owned enterprises.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to disclose the problems of both the government and the logistics industry regarding fourth-party logistics, and to provide various solutions at the level of enterprises as well as the government for the introduction of fourth-party logistics in China. Research design, data, and methodology - This study aims to reveal how a shipping company recognizes the creation of partnerships with fourth-party logistics providers, and it reveals several related implications. Results - Fourth-party logistics organizations can be used to achieve maximum business performance as professional logistics companies by incorporating the benefits of outsourcing and insourcing. Outsourcing logistics services through focusing on core competencies and improving customer service can have financial effects and advantages such as the simplification of labor issues. Conclusions - This study did not investigate Korean enterprises through an empirical analysis and provided fourth-party logistics concepts and promotional plans according to domestic and foreign literature. Further studies shall investigate not only the Korean fourth-party logistics model but also the training of logistics professionals to generate profits for both shippers as well as logistics enterprises.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.375-393
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Chinese investment environment and analyze the actual investment condition of Korean enterprises in China and examine the points at issue. In general, the investment environment in China shows satisfactory progress. China has a multiple and regional extension policy in investment. And the environment for investment changes to insufficiency of company profit, extension of service market, maintenance of legislative system, and insufficiency of preference about foreign company. There are situations of inclining to manufacturing, inclining of region, preference of independence investment, small-sized investment by small and medium enterprises, difficulty of financial assistance, excess of logistic cost, delay of logistic term, difficulty of settlement of legal dispute and difficulty of taking a relative information in investment of Korean enterprise in China. The results of the study indicate mostly that the investment of Korean enterprise into China needs turnover of service trade-tertiary industry, portfolio of investment territory, cooperation with Chinese enterprise through joint venture investment and a large-scale investment for extension of Chinese domestic market.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.107-120
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• 2021

The development of the ethnic minorities and mountainous areas (EMMA) is currently receiving the attention of countries around the world. This is demonstrated through a large number of studies, in many respects, in many different countries. The objective of the study is to find out the current situation of the commodity market in the ethnic minorities and mountainous areas (EMMA) of Vietnam. In particular, the authors will study whether there is a link between the ability to access governmental policies and the characteristics of this commodity market. To achieve the goal, the authors employed the secondary data collection method to gather the relevant information on government policies for EMMA and conducted an interview of seventy (70) enterprises in the Northern midlands and mountainous regions and the Central Coast to clarify the characteristics of commodity market. By Levene's test, the results showed that the accessibility to governmental policies has a certain influence on the development of the commodity market patterns in the EMMA in terms of diversification of distribution forms and sales method of the business. These findings brought some basic solutions to further enhance the role of the government in developing commodity markets in the EMMA of Vietnam.