• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2022

This study identified Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) and exotic pines (Pinus resinosa, Pinus sylvestris) with a similar anatomical structure using a dendro-anatomical method that applied dendrochronology, tracheid length, and uniseriate ray cell size. Korean red pine samples were collected from 13 national parks, while exotic pine samples were secured from two wood importers. Tracheid length was measured by distinguishing earlywood from latewood, and uniseriate ray height and cell number were determined. As the exotic pine tree-ring chronology was consistent with the foreign standard tree-ring chronology and displayed high statistical significance, the country and region where the pine samples had been felled and the exact felling date were confirmed. According to the results, which compared tracheid length and uniseriate ray size, no difference was observed between the Korean red and Russian pines. However, the tracheid length of the Russian pines turned out to be slightly longer than the length of the Korean red pine. Additional research securing a larger number of exotic pines (P.resinosa, P.sylvestris) is required to yield more accurate results in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.646-652
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• 2014

This study was carried out to test the possibility that tracheid length of red pine growing in Sokwang-ri in Uljin could be used as one of variables to estimate its wood properties. For the study, forest stands of V (500 m a.s.l.) and VIIII (900 m a.s.l.) age class plots were selected in the region, and three trees in each plot were investigated. The tracheid length was separately measured for early- and latewood. It took approximately 25 and 40 years for V and VIIII age class stands, respectively, until the length was stabilized. The lengths in latewood were 3.14 (V age class) and 3.30 (VIIII age class) mm, and in earlywood 2.98 (V age class) and 3.15 (VIIII age class) mm. The lengths in latewood therefore were longer than in earlywood and the lengths for VIIII age class were longer than for V age class. However, the ratio between their lengths in early- and latewood was the same as 0.96 in all age classes. It might be verified whether this ratio can be used as a variable to test the wood property according to provinces by comparing it with others.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

The quality of wood is largely depend on the characteristics of xylem tissue and their variation. They may include tracheid length, microfibril angle, distribution and amount of resin canal, as well as specific gravity as indicator of material properties. In this study, variation of these elements between and within 30 superior families of Pinus densifloa in progeny test forest were examined and the results are as follows; In terms of elongation ratio of tracheid length which is less than 1%, the sample tree showed a transition to matured wood after 13 years particularly in Kangwon 25, 30, 90, 56 and Chungnam 4 families. The average specific gravity were from 0.35 to 0.49, and differences between the families were significant. Number of transverse resin canal per unit area were also found to be significant between the families. The microfibril angles measured at 15th ring number ranged from 0.9 degree to 28.6 degree. More studies are necessary to tell whether these variation is inherited by genetic or individual characteristic. However it would be desirable that these elements be considered as key elements in the early stage of selection process of superior tree to ensure good quality of wood production in future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the variation of tracheid length, ray spacing per mm and ray height of major coniferous woods (Picea jezoensis, Abies sachaliensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris and larix gmelini)grown at Sivelian forest of USSR. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The averaged mean values of tracheid length are respectively $3550{\mu}$ on Pinus koraiensis, $3440{\mu}$ on Abies sachaliensis and Larix gmelini, $2900{\mu}$ on Picea jezoensis, and generally this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more longer than Korean samewood. 2. The tracheid length on sapwood is more larger than heartwood and this values on latewood are also larger than earlywood. 3. The averaged mean values of ray height are respeetively 14.5 on Larix gmelini, 13.5 on Picea jezoensis and Pinus sylvestris, 9.7 on Pinus koraiensis, and this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more larger than Korean samewood. 4. Ray height is comparatively small near the pith and tend to be increased to bark of wood. 5. The avereged values of ray spacing per mm are respectily 7.9-8.3 on Larix gmelini and Picea jezoensis, 7.1 on Abies sachaliensis, and 6.1-6.2 on Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestris.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.480-485
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• 1994

Growth and wood quality characters such as height, DBH, specific gravity, traceried length and width were measured for 16-year-old open-pollinated progenies of 38 selected plus trees of Abies holophylla Max. The results were as follows ; 1) The superior families in growth and wood quality characters were Chonbuk 4(498.2cm) and Kyonggi 9(485.7cm) for height, Kyonggi 12(9.2cm) and 9(9.1cm) for DBH, Kaongbuk 2(0.480) and Kangwon 7(0.473) for specific gravity, Kyonggi 9(2.77mm) and Kangwon 11(2.71mm) for tracheid length and Kyonggi 9(0.039mm), Kangwon 11, 12 and Kyunggi 7(0.036mm) for tracheid width, respectively. 2) There were significant differences among the families in height and specific gravity at 1% and 5% level. 3) There were high significant negative correlations between specific gravity and other characters such as height, DBH, tracheid length and width at 1% level($r=-0.242^{**}{\sim}-0.635^{**}$) 4) The heritabilities were 0.55 for height, 0.25 for DBH, 0.44 for specific gravity, and 0.24 for tracheid width.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 1997

In fast grown softwood, there are very large changes in material properties going outward from the pith to bark such as anatomical, physical and mechanical characteristics. Some of variations in anatomical properties with annual ring were then examined from Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, and Chamaecyparis obtusa, which are major softwoods of plantation in Korea. The large variations of annual ring width during young age of tree tended to stabilize after 25year through the transitional period in 17~23year. The ring density was 1.5~2.4 in 1~10year period, and 3.5~6.3 in 30~35year period, in which juvenile and mature wood were certainly assumed to be formed, respectively. Variations of tracheid length showed functional relationships with annual rings as logarithm. Demarcation between juvenile wood and mature wood could be 16~19year, which was determined from increase rate of tracheid length of 0.2%. Cell wall thickness increased with increase of annual ring even though large variations were observed as well. Variations of cell wall thickness within species were pronounced in latewood than earlywood. The increase of cell wall thickness from juvenile wood to mature wood was predominant in Larix leptolepis as 2.0times, and least in Chamaecyparis obtusa as 1.1 times. Cell diameters showed trends of increase during young age of 1~15year, and consistent afterward. The variations of cell diameter between radial and tangential direction were greater in latewood, and most pronounced in Chamaecyparis obtusa.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of charcoal meal application on the quality of the wood. As the results, it was observed that annual ring width of seedlings was wider in the plots treated with charcoal meal than the control plots. Depending on the kind of charcoal, annual ring width was widest in the plot treated with Larix kaempferi charcoal, and then was observed in order of Pinus koraiensis > particle board > Quercus acutissima. Latewood percentage and specific gravity were lower in the plots treated with charcoal than the control plots and lowest in Larix kaempferi charcoal plot among the plots treated with charcoal. Tracheid length was longer in the plot treated with powder charcoal than the control plot but tracheid width was not significantly different from the control plot. The cell wall thickness of earlywood was not significantly different between the plot treated with charcoal and the control plot but that of latewood was thicker in the plots treated with charcoal than the control. Microfibril angle was smaller in the plot treated with granulated charcoal than the control plot. However, there was no significant difference between the plot treated with powder charcoal and granulated charcoal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2018

This study was fulfilled to investigate the anatomical characteristics according to provinces. In order to compare anatomical characteristics between provinces we selected Goseong, Hongcheon, and Bonghwa as experimental sites. To use the tree rings formed at the same years we dated all tree rings by cross-dating method used in dendrochronology and the cutting years were successfully dated in 2014, 2012, and 2014 for woods from Goseong, Hongchen, and Bonghwa, respectively. Based on the cutting years tracheid lengths and widths were measured considering juvenile wood (tree rings between the pith and first 10 years), heartwood (tree rings formed between 1955 and 1964), and sapwood (tree rings formed between 2002 and 2011). According to the results about differences between tracheid lengths from three provinces, juvenile wood did not show a difference, statistically, but heartwood and sapwood showed differences as the tracheid lengths following Bonghwa, Hongcheon, and Goseong. Bongwha also showed the largest value in the trachied width among three provinces. The tracheid lengths in the radial direction increased up to around the first 20 years, and then they showed stabilized. All wood samples showed typical Korean red pine's characteristics in anatomical observation under a light microscope.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.576-582
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• 2013

To obtain the basic information on wood preservative process using copper, the penetration ACQ-2 preservative agent into Douglas fir wood and its degradational characteristics were investigated. Douglas fir is known to be difficult for preservative agent injection. To find the hindrance factor of the preservatives movement, the ray height, ray density, and length of tracheid were measured and observed by a stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results were compared in the well-penetrated parts of preservatives and insufficient parts. There were no significant differences in height, length, and density between both parts, except for the pits of the wood elements observed in SEM micrograph. More declosed pits were found in the well-penetrated parts of preservatives. Decay characteristics of wood specimen treated with various ACQ concentrations by brown-rot fungi was observed by an optical microscope. The decayed properties of tracheid, rays, and resin canals was found in the non-treated wood specimens and it was also found that some extent of preservatives concentration is necessary to protect the decay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 1989

This experiment was executed to investigate and compare qualitative and quantitative anatomical features in compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood formed in a bent stem, a straight branch, and an exposed horizontal root of Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.). The respective four discs containing compression wood taken at 20cm interval both in stem and branch as well as a disc containing well developed compression wood from horizontal root were analyzed. Percentage of compression wood and eccentricity showed decreasing tendency with the increasing distance in height direction of stem and length direction of branch. The qualitative anatomical features of compression wood appeared to differ from those of side and opposite wood in very gradual tracheid transition from earlywood to latewood, roundish tracheid shape on cross surface, tracheid distortion at tip on radial surface, existence of intercellular space, and helical cavity in tracheid wall. And the differences in these qualitative features among the compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood became less intensive with the decreasing trends in percentage of compression wood and eccentricity. The quantitative anatomical features in compression wood also appeared to be wider in that respective widths of fusiform and uniseriate ray than those of opposite and side wood, but the heights of fusiform and uniseriate ray in compression wood were smaller than in opposite and side wood. The number of horizontal resin canal(fusiform ray) and uniseriate ray, however, showed no differences among the compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood. And the number of vertical resin canal in unit area, $4{\pi}mm^2$ of compression wood was fewer than that in opposite wood, whereas numerous vertical resin canals contained in a growth ring. These rays of compression wood seemed to be characterized by smaller height and wider width than those of opposite and side wood.