• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.320-323
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• 2000

This case describes a tracheal stenosis complicated by endobronchial truberculosis. A 50-year-old female with progressive dyspnea was referred to us for the management of long segmental tracheal stenosis. Treatment modalities for tracheal stenosis include open surgical resectin and reconstruction, mechanical dilation, laser resection, and placement of an airway prosthesis. The following is a report of a successful treatment of a long segmental tracheal stenosis through a tracheal augmentation and the use of al Bovine pericardium. This technique may provide a relief from tracheal stenosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-139
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• 1994

Tracheal stenosis is relatively common complication after tracheal intubation or tracheostomy for a long time. We experienced 10 cases of tracheal stenosis with various causes, prolonged intubation or tracheostomy caused the tracheal stenosis in seven, one after advanced cancer of the lung, one after inhalation burn, and the other was palliative management for tracheal stenosis by Gianturco type tracheal stent. We tried to correct this stenosis applying three tracheal stent and one Montgomery T-tube as a palliative approach, but failed in two, one restenosis due to regrowing of granulation tissue with scarring or another metastatic spread of cancer to systemic organs after 3 months of placing the stent. Tracheal circumferential resection and end to end anastomosis were done in seven, and obtained one postoperative complication as subglottic stenosis was followed by Montgomery T-tube and reoperation later. With the brief review of references, we report the cases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.834-838
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• 1989

Tracheal stenosis is being encountered more frequently as ventilatory support and cuffed tubes are increasingly used for treatment of respiratory failure. We experienced 13 cases of tracheal stenosis treated surgically at department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, school of medicine, Kyung Hee university during the 4 years. The causes of tracheal stenosis were prolonged endotracheal intubation 5 cases, tracheostomy 3 cases, tracheal tumor 2 cases, thyroid tumor 1 case and congenital double aortic arch 1 case. The methods used to manage the tracheal stenosis were tracheal resection % end to end anastomosis 8 cases, 2 cases of subglottic stenosis were underwent primary laryngotracheal anastomosis, Lt. aortic arch division 1 case, and stent insertion 2 cases. In two cases, who had 6 cm in length of tracheal stenosis, we were underwent tracheal resection k end to end anastomosis with supralaryngeal release procedure. Postoperative courses were uneventful except one case with tracheal tumor.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 1995

Three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomographic image(3D CT) is a well-established imaging modality which has been investigated in various clinical settings. It is commonly performed in case of congenital or developmental abnormalities, and traumatic fracture of skull and face that requires reconstruction of osseous structure. However reporting the 3D CT in laryngeal or tracheal stenosis is rare and its results are obscure. The authors performed 3D CT in six cases of tracheal stenosis and found diagnostic value of 3D CT. A Comparision of diagnostic information obtained from plain X-ray, 2D CT and 3D CT has performed in total six cases of tracheal stenosis. Surgical treatment of the tracheal stenosis was following in these cases : tracheal end to end anastomosis In 1 case, laryngotracheal end to end anastomosis in 2 cases. 3D CT information was compared with operative finding. In two of six cases, satisfactory information was not obtained from 3D CT in evaluating an exact stenosis of trachea. Future, it will be helped in evaluating of tracheal stenosis by 3D CT.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1996

Tracheal stenosis can be classified into intrinsic stenosis secondary to tracheal inflammatory lesion or mass effect and extrinsic stenosis secondary tumors of thyroid, esophagus and mediastinum. Extrinsic stenosis which is frequently encountered in clinical setting could be often overlooked due to mild symptom. Recently, even with the increasing interest in extrinsic tracheal stenosis there are limitation in it's diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance in the diagnosis and treaonent of extrinsic tracheal stenosis. Here, we report the etiology, symptoms, radiologic findings, pulmonary fuction finding, treatment and its results in 26 cases of extrinsic tracheal stenosis. Causes of extrinsic tracheal stenosis included compression of aiway by thyroid benign tumor in 13 cases to be the most common, next by thyroid malignancy in 9 cases, metastatic mediastinal turner in 2 cases, 1 case each for esophageal cancer and parathyroid cancer. In 3 cases simple tracheal resection and end to end anastomosis were done, 1 cases underwent total laryngectomy, and 8 cases were treated by conservative management, where all cases failed in treatment. The remaining 14 cases were successfully treated by removing the causes and maintaining tracheal tube insertion for amount of time. Extrinsic tracheal stenosis due to benign conditions were treated satisfactorily by removing mass, however with the malignant causes there was considerable amount of difficulty in treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 1995

Although there are many kinds of method in treatment of tracheal stenosis, tracheal resection and primary anastomosis can be performed for management of various kinds of tracheal stenosis because it is considered the most anatomical ideal therapeutic modality. During a 10-year period we performed 18 tracheal resection on 18 patients with no operative mortality and some morbidity. 13 patients had tracheal stenosis caused by endotracheal intubation [eight patients or tracheostomy [five patients ; and five patients caused by a variety of neoplastic lesions [four primary and one secondary . The length of tracheal stenosis were various from 1.5cm to 5.5cm and site of tracheal stenosis were cervical[17patients and thoracic [one patient . Operative techniques were tracheal resection and primary anastomosis[18 patients and additional procedures were cricoid cartilage reconstruction with costal cartilage [one patient , primary repair of esophagus[one patient and suprahyoid laryngeal release technique[eight patients without any complications. We have eight complications; tracheal restenosis were developed in five patients[growth of grannulation tissue at anastomotic site in three patients, delayed restenosis in two patients , anastomotic disruption in one patient, hoarseness and pneumonia in each of two patients. We managed tracheal complications with T-tube insertion in two patients, permanent tracheostomy in three patients and insertion of Gianturco tracheal stent in one patient, but tracheal stent did not reveal good result because it caused persistent production of sputum. We concluded that it is necessary to access full length of normal trachea including suprahyoid laryngeal release technique to avoid anastomotic tension in tracheal surgery and develope new ideal techniques to manage postoperative tracheal complications, because we suppose tracheal complications are developed due to anastomotic tension.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1021-1026
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• 1990

The patients with tracheal stenosis have become more increasing in recent due to the increased use of tracheostomy and assisted ventilation Anesthetic management during tracheal reconstruction is a concern to the anesthetist and the surgeon, who must share the airway as a operation field and at the same time provide good gas exchange. Multiple technique such as the tube ventilation system or C \ulcornerP bypass method have been recommended to achieve this goals. However, these methods have disadvantages of poor surgical exposure and hemorrhagic complication from using C \ulcornerP bypass The technique for HFJV was first described for bronchoscopy, and it involves positive-pressure breathing with high flow[40 \ulcorner60L/min] of oxygen This flow is directed to a semirigid catheter inserted in the endotracheal tube and the tracheal reconstruction can be done without interruption. From Dec. 1986 to July 1990 we have experienced 6 patients of tracheal stenosis necessitating circumferential resection and end to end anastomosis; 5 patients with tracheal stenosis following cuffed tracheostomy or intubation, a patient with tracheal stenosis due to invasive thyroid cancer. The specific advantages during tracheal reconstruction are unobstructed field during surgical reconstruction and good gas exchange through the procedure.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1998

Despite improvement in respiratory care, including use of low pressure and high volume cuffed tubes, tracheal stenosis remains a serious complication after a long-term tracheal intubation and tracheostomy. In such patients, tracheal resection and primary anastomosis is still considered ideal therapeutic modality. Between 1989 and 1997, we performed tracheal resections with end-to-end anastomosis on 14 patients with no operative mortality and some morbidity. Tracheal stenosis was caused by tracheostomy in nine patients, by endotracheal intubation in three patients and by thyroid carcinoma in two patients. The length of stenosis was various from 2cm to 4.5cm. All patient underwent segmental tracheal resection and primary anastomosis(14 patients) and additional procedures were cricoid cartilage reconstruction(2 patients), suprahyoid laryngeal release(3patients), carinal release technique(2 patients) and arytenoidectomy(2 patients). We have nine complications: granulona at anastomosis site in four patients, vocal cord palsy in two patients and restenosis, pneumonia, skin necrosis in each of those patients. The granuloma was removed by bronchoscopic forceps(4 patients). Vocal cord palsy was treated by arytenoidectorny(2 patients), restenosis by T-tube insertion, pneumonia by antibiotics and skin necrosis was treated by skin graft. We reviews our expenence of clinical features of tracheal stenosis and surgical treatment by tracheal one-to-end anastomosis with additional procedures to avoid postoperative complications for sucessful results.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 1997

When performing an endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy to an unconscious patient in emergent situations, one should consider the possibility of later complication of laryngo-tracheal stenosis which can result in difficulties in decannulation. Laryngo-tracheal stenosis is a bothersome problem developing as a complication of treatment by tracheotomy with a cuffed tube and long-term endotracheal intubation with assisted ventilation. One hundred twenty-three cases of laryngo-tracheal stenosis patients during the four yew period from May 1992 to April 1996 were restrospectively reviewed according to several parameters such as the duration of intubation, site of stenosis, treatment modality and, site of tracheostoma. The present report is an analysis of these materials to search for the possible etiologic factors and its proper preventive methods. It was desirable that the endotracheal intubation should be limited within 20 days at most. Tracheotomy performed by non-otolaryngologists has a tendency to be on a higher level of trachea. Technical precautions should be taken into consideration when doing a tracheotomy. The success rate of decannulation of tracheal T-tube was 78.8% and it required average 11 months.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.41-45
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• 2004

Tracheostomy and endotracheal intubation are often performed in patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure. Recently, the incidence of iatrogenic tracheal stenosis has increased. Tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis would be one of the most physiologic treatment options for severe tracheal stenosis. Also, this treatment can be applied to the management of trachea invaded by thyroid cancer and tracheal neoplasm. The authors aimed to analyze the outcomes of end-to-end anastomosis of trachea following segmental resection in tracheal stenosis and tracheal invasion of cancer that we have recently experienced. Materials and methods Authors retrospectively studied 19 cases treated by tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis between Feburuary 1996 and January 2003. 12 patients had tracheal stenosis, 6 patients had tracheal invasion by thryroid cancer and 1 patient had tracheal cancer. We analyzed the direct causes of tracheal stenosis, preoperative vocal cord function, operation technique, early and delayed postoperative complications, and the outcome of end-to-end anastomois. Result Decannulation without significant aspiration was achieved in 16 cases($89.5\%$). A 27 year-old man could not be decannulated because of restenosis. A 62 year-old woman could not be decannulated because of bilateral vocal cord palsy. Conclusion End-to-end anastomosis is a safe and effective surgical method for tracheal stenosis. Case selection for end-to-end anastomosis and preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerve during operation is very important.