• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2017

Objectives: In this study, we seek to perform a priority selection for test substances for chronic inhalation toxicity studies, including acute and subchronic inhalation toxicity studies, which are to be performed after the construction of a chronic/carcinogenicity inhalation toxicity study facility and enactment of pertinent legislation. Methods: Through this study, qualitative and quantitative priority evaluation of test substances according to acute, subchronic and chronic categories were respectively performed and priorities were suggested by expert group review, redundancy and other methods. Meanwhile, a draft on test substance selection criteria, procedures and methods referring to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) system was proposed. Results: This study selected priorities for candidate substances for chronic inhalation toxicity studies to be conducted from 2016. Conclusions: In the future, by assessing in advance the toxicological effects of chemicals to which workers can be potentially exposed in the workplace via long-term inhalation, expected health disturbances among workers will be reduced and it is anticipated that occupational disease induced by chemicals will be effectively prevented.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.171-175
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• 2007

Indigenous species means a species that is likely, due to historical presence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of its life span. Therefore, indigenous species can be useful as an indicator to assess environmental risk caused by hazardous chemicals in a specific site. So far a few toxicity studies using freshwater species which are indigenous to Korea have been carried out. In this study, a freshwater shrimp (Neocardina denticulata) indigenous to Korea was used for acute toxicity test of heavy metals. Neocardina denticulata were exposed to cadmium chloride $(CdCl_2)$, copper chloride $(CuCl_2)$ and zinc chloride $(ZnCl_2)$ using automatic flow-through system for 96 hours. The 96h LC50s were calculated as 0.043 $(0.042{\sim}0.045)mg\;CdCl_2/L,\;0.104(0.098{\sim}0.113)mg\; CuCl_2/L\;and\;2.021\;(1.633{\sim}2.594)mg\;ZnCl_2/L$. When compaired with some international standard species such as medaka(Oryzias latipes), Neocardina denticulata had high sensitivity. Therefore, this study suggested that Neocardina denticulata have possibilities for a sensitive test species to test heavy metal toxicity in aqua-system.

• 환경생물
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.314-318
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• 2012

The aims of the present study were to estimate the possibility for toxicity test and compare acute toxicity of potassium dichromate in the larva stage of Neocaridina denticulata, Daphnia magna and the juvenile stage of Oryzias latipes. N. denticulate, a freshwater shrimp lives in Korea, is an indigenous species and considered to be useful for toxicity test. D. magna and O. latipes were recommended as a test species for the OECD test guideline. The 96 h-$LC_{50}$ potassium dichromate value was 0.62 mg $L^{-1}$ for the larva stage of N. denticulata and 168.44 mg $L^{-1}$ for the juvenile stage of O. latipes. The 48 h-$EC_{50}$ value was 1.27 mg $L^{-1}$ for the D. magna. The study was confirmed higher sensitivity of the larva stage of N. denticulata to potassium dichromate compared to the D. magna and the juvenile stage of O. latipes.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 국제적으로 이용되고 있는 생태독성 시험종 중에서, 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종을 파악해보았다. 대상 화학물질 41개 항목에 대해 수집된 생태독성 시험종은 총 265종으로, 이 중 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종은 총 71종으로 분류되었다. 생물 분류군별로 살펴보면, 어류 7종, 무척추동물군 26종 중 환형동물 2종, 태형동물 2종, 갑각류 13종, 곤충류 3종, 연체동물 4종, 편형동물 1종, 원생동물 1종, 식물군 26종 중 규조류 9종, 녹조류 14종, 대형수생식물 3종, 기타군 12종 중 양서류 2종, 세균류 3종, 남조류 6종, 균류 1종이다. 생태독성 시험종 중 국내 시험종의 비율을 살펴보면, 26.8%로 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종이 그리 넉넉하지 않은 실정임을 알 수 있다. 따라서 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 국내 시험종을 개발하고 더 나아가 국내종을 이용한 생태독성 시험법을 정립함으로써 국내 생태독성 평가를 위한 독성자료 구축연구가 장기적으로 추진되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2012

국내 농약등록을 위한 어독성시험은 잉어(Cyprinus carpio)와 송사리(Oryzias latipes) 그리고 미꾸리(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)를 대상으로 하고 있으나, 어독성은 잉어에 대한 독성값으로 평가되어지고 있다. 그러나 잉어는 실내사육이 어렵고 사육환경에 따른 감수성 차이와 한정된 시험시기 등 문제점이 제기되고 있어 시험종에 대한 재검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 잉어와 송사리에 대한 급성독성시험 결과를 이용하여 두 시험종간의 상관성과 감수성을 파악하고 농약 어독성시험을 위해 보다 현실적으로 적합한 시험종을 검토하고자 하였다. 급성독성시험은 국내 등록농약 70종에 대한 시험을 수행하였으며, 48시간 $LC_{50}$값을 산출하여 비교하였다. 그 결과, 잉어와 송사리의 상관계수(R)가 0.8480로 상관성이 높았고 종간 감수성에 있어서 잉어와 송사리의 $LC_{50}$값이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 잉어와 송사리에 대한 $LC_{50}$값을 현재 국내 어독성 분류 방법에 따라 분류하였을 경우, 18종 농약에서 분류 등급의 변동이 발생하였으나 특이한 경향성은 없었다. 그러므로 급성독성의 상관성 및 감수성 측면과 어류 사육에 대한 표준화 측면에서 잉어보다 유리한 송사리에 대해서 독성시험종으로서의 재검토가 필요하다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.377-383
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• 1997

The acute toxicity effect of triorganotin of trioganotin on the growth of microalgae and shellfish was investigated through flask culture. The value of 120 hr-LC$_{50}$ that is the median lethal concentration of TBTO on the shellfish (R. philipinarum) was found to be 6 $\mu$g/L. The acute toxicity effect of TBTO on T. suecica was obviously shown even at the concentration of 0.5 $\mu$g/L, and the effect diminished as the initial cell density increased. The effect also diminished less in the experiment done under aeration than in that done under non-aeration. To design a chemostat system for the test of chronic toxicity, the culture of T. suecica was executed in photobioreactor. In batch culture, the profiles of chlorophyII a and D.C.W. showed the growth of T. suecica very well, and the maximum specific growth rate was estimated to be 0.54 d$^{-1}$. with this value, as a dilution rate in contimuous culture, pH was nicely maintained between 7 and 9 when air was supplied with 3% CO$_{2}$. From all results and the natural environment of clam, a novel chemostat system was invented. Through this system, we can observe each independent toxicity effect of TBTO and plankton and combined toxicity effect as well.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.343-351
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• 2019

Many in vitro developmental toxicity assays have been proposed over several decades. Since the late 1980s, we have made intermittent attempts to introduce in vitro assays as screening tests for developmental toxicity of inhouse candidate products. Two cell-based assays which were developed two decades apart were intensively studied. One was an assay of inhibitory effects on mouse ascites tumor cell attachment to a concanavalin A-coated plastic sheet surface (MOT assay), which we studied in the early days of assay development. The other was an assay of inhibitory effects on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell to beating heart cells (EST assay), which we assessed more recently. We evaluated the suitability of the assays for screening in-house candidates. The concordance rates with in vivo developmental toxicity were at the 60% level. The EST assay classified chemicals that inhibited cell proliferation as embryo-toxic. Both assays had a significant false positive rate. The assays were generally considered unsuitable for screening the developmental toxicity of our candidate compounds. Recent test systems adopt advanced technologies. Despite such evolution of materials and methods, the concordance rates of the EST and MOT systems were similar. This may suggest that the fundamental predictivity of in vitro developmental toxicity assays has remained basically unchanged for decades. To improve their predictivity, in vitro developmental toxicity assays should be strictly based on elucidated pathogenetic mechanisms of developmental toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2005

To investigate the acute toxicity of adventitious roots extract derived from wild ginseng, it was orally administered to beagle dogs with a single dose. In acute toxicity test, three groups (9 beagle dogs of male) were administered with different dosages of adventitious roots extract (prepared by Biopia Corp.) 500 mg/kg (G2), 1,000 mg/kg (G3), 2,000 mg/kg (G4) and one group (G1, 2 beagle dogs of male) were received by only capsule without the extract according to the Regulation on Korea Food and Drug Administration (1999. 12. 22). There were vomitus for a time and mucous stool at the day, and anorexia and mucous stool at the first day in the group of 2,000 mg/kg administration. There were mucous stool in one and anorexia for a while in two beagle dogs at the first day in the 1,000 mg/kg administration. But no death or abnormal clinical sign was observed through the study period. Therefore, the adventitious roots extract derived from wild ginseng is considered not to have the acute toxicity in the beagle dogs. These results suggest that LD/sub 50/ value of the test substance was considered to be more than 2,000 mg/kg in the beagle dogs.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

CJ50001 is a recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating facto, (rHuG-CSF) that stimulates the formation of neutrophils from bone marrow stem cells. It was produced in E. colt and purified through refolding and several processes. We produced CS970125(300) using purified C150001 and additives in order to test the stability of CJ50001. When CS970125(300) was stored at 50'S for more than 1 week, high molecular weight proteins were formed and those proteins were detected by non-reducing SDS-PAGE, gel filtration HPLC, and Western blot. Those proteins showed single band at the same position of CJ50001 in reducing SDS-PAGE. These data indicated that those high molecular weight proteins were the multimers of C150001. In biological assays, iu viro and in viro, the multimers did not have biological activity and inhibitory action to that of CJ 50001. The mutimers did not induce toxicity in mice and rats in acute toxicity test. These results suggest that if Cs970125(300) containing CJ50001 is stored at 5$0^{\circ}C$, CJ50001 will be the multimers that do not have biological activity and inhibitory effect to CJ50001 and do not induce acute toxicity.