• 약학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.358-368
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• 1999

Subacute toxicity study was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats after daily dermal administration of Sangmosu (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 g/kg) for one month. There were no clinical signs and pathological changes compared with control group. Bodyweights were not significantly changed between control and Sangmosu treatment groups. In histopathological examinations, there were some pneumonia in lung tissues at all groups of Sangmosu treatment including control, but it was not considered to be caused by Sangmosu. These results suggest that Sangmosu does not induce any significant subacute dermal toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.631-637
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• 1993

In the previous report, it was described that the butanol fraction of the root bark extract of Aralia elata had potent antigastritic and antiulcerative effects in rats, In this pharmacological profile, the fraction revealed low acute toxicities in mice and rats, no central nervous system activities, moderate analgesic action, weak inhibitory action in carrageenin edema of rats and no direct effects on isolated smooth muscles of rats and guinea-pigs. Slight lowering of blood pressure as given i.v. in rabbit was observed.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.157-157
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• 2003

Recently we have demonstrated that a 12-day s.c. dose of 2-Bromopropane(2-BP) to pregnant mice during pregnancy resulted in significant developmental toxicity at dose levels of above 1250 mg/kg/day. However, the cause and effect relationship between maternal and developmental toxicities could not be elucidated in the previous study.(omitted)

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of International Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.307.1-307.1
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• 2001

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.368-375
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• 2020

Objectives: Some animal studies have reported that methyl mercury causes developmental toxicities such as placental and fetal weight loss, but the mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicities of methyl mercury, focusing on placental endocrine function and fetal growth retardation in rats. Methods: Positively same-time-mated female Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased on gestational day (GD) eight and treated with 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of methyl mercury (n=5) dissolved in tap water from GD eight through 19. During treatment, the drinking water (methyl mercury) intake and body weight of each pregnant rat was measured daily. On day 19, caesarean sections were performed and blood samples were collected. Developmental data such as placental and fetal weights, fetus numbers, and placental efficiency (fetal weight/placental weight) were also collected. Placental prolactin-growth hormone (PRL-GH) family, such as placental lactogen (PL) -Iv, II, and prolactin-like protein (PLP) -B, levels in serum were analyzed by ELISA. Also, placental tissues were assigned to histochemistry. Results: The mean cumulative methyl mercury exposure for the 5, 10, and 20 ppm groups were 2.37, 4.63, and 9.66 mg, respectively. The mean daily exposure of the 5, 10, and 20 ppm groups were 0.24, 0.47, and 0.97 mg, respectively. Maternal body weight increased in accordance with GD. There was no significant difference in weight gain among the experimental groups. Histopathologic changes were not observed in placental tissues among the experimental groups. However, mean placental and fetal weights were lower in the 10 and 20 ppm exposed groups compared to the control. Placental efficiency was also lower in the 10 and 20 ppm exposed groups compared to the control. Serum PL-Iv and II levels were lower in the 10 and 20 ppm exposed groups than the control, in accordance with the changing pattern of placental and fetal weights and placental efficiency. Conclusion: The inhibitory effects of methyl mercury on the serum levels of placental PRL-GH family such as PL-Iv and II may be secondary leads to the reduction of placental efficiency and fetal growth retardation in rats.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.1897-1900
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate acute toxicity in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)/volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with or without cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 newly diagnosed, histologically proven non-metastatic NPC patients treated with IMRT between May 2010 and December 2012, were evaluated retrospectively, 37 planned with Eclipse and 8 with Prowess Panther treatment planning system. The doses to the planning target volumes of primary tumor and involved lymph nodes, high risk region, and uninvolved regional nodal areas were 70 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy respectively and delivered simultaneously over 33 fractions to 39 patients. Another 6 patients irradiated with sequential boost technique. Some 84.4% of patients received chemotherapy. Acute toxicities were graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring criteria and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) for chemotherapy side effects. Results: Median age was 43 years (14-79) and all patients were WHO type II. Grade 1 mucositis and dysphagia were observed in 17 (37.8%), and 10 (22.2%) patients, respectively. The incidence of acute grade 2 mucositis and dysphagia was 55.6% and 68.9%, respectively. The most common chemoradiotherapy related acute toxicities were nausea, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Grade 3 toxicity was detected in 13 (28.8%) cases. No grade 4 toxicity was occurred. Mean weight loss was 9%. None of the patients required the insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for nutritional support. Radiation therapy was completed without interruption in all patients. Conclusions: IMRT is a safe and effective treatment modality, and well tolerated by patients in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. No unexpected side effects were observed.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1990

Aconiti Tuber is the root of Aconitum sp (Ranunclaceae) which has been considered as one of the most important medicinal plant having cordiotonic, diuretic and analgesic effect. On the other hand, it has been known that Aconiti Tuber contained toxic agent, aconitine alkaloids so that only processed Aconiti Tubers have been used as herbal drug traditionally. For the safety evaluation of processed Aconiti Tuber, quantitative determination of aconitine and acute, subacute toxicity test were performed on 5 commercial processed Aconiti Tubers. Arapid and precise method using HPLC has been developed for the separation and determination of aconitine. Samples were extracted with hydrochloric acid (pH3) and hot water decoction. In case of d-HCL extracts, the contents of aconitine were from 0.08 mg/g to trace. But in case of hot water decoction extracts, the contents of aconitine were not detected. For the investigation of Aconiti Tuber toxicity in rats, hot water decoction samples and methanol extracts were tested. 1) Acute toxicity test Hot water decoction sample and methanol extracts from Aconiti Tuber did not show any toxic effects in rats by an oral administration. $LD_50values of 2 extracts were above 10.0 g/kg. 2) Subacute toxicity study In the repeated administration study, hot water decoction samples were given orally to Sprague-Dawlay rats for 2 week at daily doses of 5.0 g/kg. The results are as follows; No toxic manifestation, body weight changes and lethality were observed during wxperimental period. There were no significant changes in serum enzyme activities such as GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP between treated and control groups. However CPK values were decreased in the Subuja-treated group. (P<0.01). In addition, no gross and microscopic changes were noted in Aconiti Tuber-treated groups.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.417-426
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• 1995

6-[(N-4-Chlorophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinedione (RCK20) was tested for antifungal activities, in vivo, against Candida albicans. RCK20 was compared vath ketoconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal rats. The therapeutic potential of RCK20 had been assessed by evaluating their activities (survival rate) against systemic infections with in normal mice with Candida albicans. RCK20 improved survival rates as well as ketokonazole. RCK20 had ED$_{50}$. 0.25$\pm$0.18 mg/kg but ketoeonazole and fluconazole had ED$_{50}$, 8.00$\pm$0.73, 10$\pm$0.43 mg/kg respectively. Activities of RCK20 showed superior to that of ketoconazole and fluconazole. Intraperitoneauy administered RCK20 at the ED$_{50}$, 0.25 mg/kg for 7days and 14days reduced Candida albicans colony count in the kidneys and livers as well as ketoconazole and fluconazole at these ED$_{50}$, 8.00 and 10 mg/kg. Acute oral toxicity studies of RCK20 were carried out in ICR mice of both sexes. These acute oral toxicities of RCK20 were low and LD$_{50}$ values were over 2.850 mg/kg in ICR mice. The Genotoxicities of RCK20 had been evaluated. RCK20 was negative in Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100). The clastogenicity was tested on the RCK20 with in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. RCK20 did not show any clastogenic effect in mouse peripheral blood and was negative in mouse micronucleus assay. These results indicate that RCK20 has no genotoxic potential under these experimental condition.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2006

Heptaplatin, a new platinum derivative, has several contradicting reports on the nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the toxicities of heptaplatin-containing regimens in the chemotherapy. This study was performed retrospectively on seventy-seven patients with advanced gastric cancer who did not receive chemotherapy within the last 1 months before taking of heptaplatin- or cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. The 38 patients among total patients was received heptaplatin-containing regimens (26 with SEF regimens: heptaplatin/epirubicin/5-FU, 12 with SF regimens: heptaplatin/5-FU) and the rest 39 patients was received cisplatin-containg regimens (11 with CEF regimens: cisplatin/epirubicin/5-FU, 28 with ELF regimens: epirubicin/leucovorin/5-FU). Before and after the chemotherapy serum creatinine (Scr) and proteinuria were measured by urine stick test in all patient groups. Also Scr was measured a day before the second cycle and did not vary significantly between groups. However Scr on cycle 3 were significantly higher in SEF and SF groups. In case of proteinuria, it was more frequent on cycle 1 in heptaplatin/5-FU group. Proteinuria before and after on cycle 2 was not different between the two cisplatin -containing groups, but was more frequent in heptaplatin-containing groups. The reason why the Scr measured was not so different could be because we excluded the patients who received only one cycle of heptaplatin and changed the regimen due to signs of nephrotoxcity. As the results nephrotoxicity such as protienuria was appeared to be more frequent with heptaplatin-treated patients. It suggests that the clinical consequences of the toxicity need to further evaluation and also the modalities to prevent or minimize nephrotoxicity of heptaplatin should be studied for future utilization of the drug.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.849-856
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• 2011

This study was investigated the protective effect of Cultivated Wild Ginseng(WG) on the toxicities induced by cyclophosphamide(CP) in mice. Twenty-four male BALB/c mice were divided into non-treated normal group(n=6), CP treated control group(n=6), CP+WG treated CP+WG group(n=6), WG treated WG group(n=6). CP(100 mg/kg of b.w., i.p) was injected at 0, 7 th, 14 th, 21 th, and 28 th day of the experiment respectively. WG(4.4 g/kg, i.p.) was administrated for 35days. Body and organ(heart, liver, kidney, testis) weight were measured. Histopathological examination on the organ(heart, liver, kidney, testis), morphometric analysis, and BrdU immunohistochemistry on the testis were performed. Body weight was decreased following CP administration. In contrast, such a decrease was significantly attenuated by WG administration. CPK and AST of CP+WG group were significantly decreased compared with CP group. Histopathologically, cross sectional area of testis and diameter of seminiferous tubule were significantly increased in CP+WG group compared with CP group. BrdU labelled cells in the seminiferous tubules were remarkably decreased in CP group. Whereas the number of seminiferous tubules labelled with BrdU in spermatogonia was increased by CP+WG administration. The obtained results suggest that WG has protective effect on CP-induced toxicity. This effect might be mediated through the supplementation of vital energy.