• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of repeated high dose 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between 1998 and 2011, 45 patients received hepatic re-irradiation with high dose 3D-CRT in Samsung Medical Center. After excluding two ineligible patients, 43 patients were retrospectively reviewed. RT was delivered with palliative or salvage intent, and equivalent dose of 2 Gy fractions for ${\alpha}/{\beta}=10Gy$ ranged from $31.25Gy_{10}$ to $93.75Gy_{10}$ (median, $44Gy_{10}$). Tumor response and toxicity were evaluated based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) ver. 4.0. Results: The median follow-up duration was 11.2 months (range, 4.1 to 58.3 months). An objective tumor response rate was 62.8%. The tumor response rates were 81.0% and 45.5% in patients receiving ${\geq}45Gy_{10}$ and $<45Gy_{10}$, respectively (p = 0.016). The median overall survival (OS) of all patients was 11.2 months. The OS was significantly affected by the Child-Pugh class as 14.2 months vs. 6.1 months (Child-Pugh A vs. B, p < 0.001), and modified Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) T stage as 15.6 months vs. 8.3 months (T1-3 vs. T4, p = 0.004), respectively. Grade III toxicities were developed in two patients, both of whom received ${\geq}50Gy_{10}$. Conclusion: Hepatic re-irradiation may be an effective and tolerable treatment for patients who are not eligible for further local treatment modalities, especially in patients with Child-Pugh A and T1-3.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine failure patterns and survival outcomes of T4N0-1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with definitive radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Ninety-five patients with T4N0-1 NSCLC who received definitive radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy from May 2003 to October 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The standard radiotherapy scheme was 66 Gy in 30 fractions. The main concurrent chemotherapy regimen was $50mg/m^2$ weekly paclitaxel combined with $20mg/m^2$ cisplatin or AUC 2 carboplatin. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were failure patterns and toxicities. Results: The median age was 64 years (range, 34 to 90 years). Eighty-eight percent of patients (n = 84) had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, and 42% (n = 40) experienced pretreatment weight loss. Sixty percent of patients (n = 57) had no metastatic regional lymph nodes. The median radiation dose was EQD2 67.1 Gy (range, 56.9 to 83.3 Gy). Seventy-one patients (75%) were treated with concurrent chemotherapy; of these, 13 were also administered neoadjuvant chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 21 months (range, 1 to 102 months), 3-year OS was 44%. The 3-year cumulative incidences of local recurrence and distant recurrence were 48.8% and 36.3%, respectively. Pretreatment weight loss and combined chemotherapy were significant factors for OS. Acute esophagitis over grade 3 occurred in three patients and grade 3 chronic esophagitis occurred in one patient. There was no grade 3-4 radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: Definitive radiotherapy for T4N0-1 NSCLC results in favorable survival with acceptable toxicity rates. Local recurrence is the major recurrence pattern. Intensity modulated radiotherapy and radio-sensitizing agents would be needed to improve local tumor control.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the treatment outcome and the toxicity of helical tomotherapy (HT) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 18 patients with 31 lesions from mCRC treated with HT between 2009 and 2013. The liver (9 lesions) and lymph nodes (9 lesions) were the most frequent sites. The planning target volume (PTV) ranged from 12 to 1,110 mL (median, 114 mL). The total doses ranged from 30 to 70 Gy in 10-30 fractions. When the ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ value for the tumor was assumed to be 10 Gy for the biologically equivalent dose (BED), the total doses ranged from 39 to $119Gy_{10}$ (median, $55Gy_{10}$). Nineteen lesions were treated with concurrent chemotherapy (CCRT). Results: With a median follow-up time of 16 months, the median overall survival for 18 patients was 33 months. Eight lesions (26%) achieved complete response. The 1- and 3-year local progression free survival (LPFS) rates for 31 lesions were 45% and 34%, respectively. On univariate analysis, significant parameters influencing LPFS rates were chemotherapy response before HT, aim of HT, CCRT, PTV, BED, and adjuvant chemotherapy. On multivariate analysis, $PTV{\leq}113mL$ and $BED>48Gy_{10}$ were associated with a statistically significant improvement in LFPS. During HT, four patients experienced grade 3 hematologic toxicities, each of whom had also received CCRT. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates the efficacy and tolerability of HT for mCRC. To define optimal RT dose according to tumor size of mCRC, further study should be needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 1998

Benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P), an extensively studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH), is a common contaminant produced through the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal, and from the exhaust products of internal combustion engines. It produces a wide range of toxicities, including carcinogenicity in experimental animals. B(a)P has been shown to suppress systemic immunity in experimental animals, which may contribute to the growth of the chemical-induced tumors. Using colorimetric MTT assay natural killer(NK) cell-mediated growth inhibition of tomor cell was measured in normal and B(a)P-exposed C57BL/6 mice. Non-adherent splenocytes of normal or B(a)P-exposed mice were cultured with Yac-1 cells at four different effector/target(E/T) cell ratios ranging from 200/1, 100/1, 50/1, and 25/1 in an assay volume of 0.1 ml. After the optical density of culture wells containing MTT solution was measured at a wavelength of 540 nm, the percentage of dead cells relative to the control target cell number was calculated. The NK activity of B(a)P-exposed mice was markedly lower than that of non-exposed mice group at all E/T ratios. These results indicated that suppression of NK cell activity may play a role in allowing for the growth of tumors.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

The toxicity of two species of puffer fish, Takifugu poecilonotus (Heuinjeombok) and T. vermicularis (Gukmaeribok) collected from the coastal regions of Korea was determined using a mouse bioassay. In the T. poecilonotus collected in Jeju and Tongyeong, the proportion of toxic specimens containing ${\ge}10$ mouse units (MU) per gram exceeded 95% for the skin, liver, ovary, and fin, and approximately 30% for the testis and muscles. In each of the organs, the highest toxin levels were 79 MU/g in the muscle, hundreds (158-365) of MU per gram in the fin, intestine, testis, and gallbladder, but thousands (1,147-2,406) of MU per gram in the skin, liver, and ovary. In T. vermicularis collected from Incheon and Gunsan, the proportions of toxic specimens were 100% for the gallbladder, and 56-68% for the skin, fin, liver, and intestine however, no toxic muscle specimens were noted. The highest toxin scores were below 10 mouse units (MU) per gram in the muscle, 20-94 MU/g in the skin and fin, 319 MU/g in the intestine, and thousands (1,548-4,624) of MU per gram in the liver, gonad, and gallbladder. The toxicity in the muscle of T. vermicularis was deemed acceptable for human consumption, whereas the toxicities in the muscle of T. poecilonotus and the skin of both species of puffer fish were significantly high, such that special attention may be required when the fish is intended for human consumption.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

Toxicity tests were performed to evaluate the feasibility of application with prediction models to 10 mixture chemicals (chloroneb, butylbenzylphthalate, pendimethaline, di-n-butylphthalate, di-iso-butylphthalate, diazinon, isofenphos, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and p-octylphenol) detected in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ten chemicals were selected in the basis of their toxicities to Daphnia magna and the concentrations in effluents measured by GC/MS. Three models including concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA) and effect summation (ES) were employed for the comparison of the predicted and the observed mortality of D. magna exposed to 10 mixture chemicals for 48 hours. With a comparative study it was ineffective to predict the mortality through the CA and the ES prediction model, while the IA prediction model showed a high correlation($r^2\;=\;0.85$). Moreover, the ES model over-estimated the toxicity observed by bioassay experiments about five-fold. Consequently, IA model is a reasonable tool to predict the mixture toxicity of the discharging water from WWTPs.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1991

Thirty-one patients with previously untreated and locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer were retrospectively reviewed for comparing the effects of radical radiotherapy alone with that of combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy from 1983 to 1989 at Kangnam 51. Mavy's hospital.23/31 were evaluable for recurrence and suwival. There were 8 patients for stage III, and 15 patients for stage IV. Eleven patients were treated with radical radiation therapy done (arm I). Twelve patients were given 1~3 courses of cisplatin-5FU or cisplatin-bleomycin-vincristine prior to radiation therapy (arm II). The two arms were comparable in patient characteristics Of 11 radiotherapy Patients, complete response was 55%(6/11) and Partial response 45%(5/11). Among 12 patients after induction chemotherapy, complete response was 25%(3/12) and partial response 75%(9/12). After subsequent radiotherapy, complete response was increased to 83%(10/12) and partial response was 17%(2/12). Treatment failure was 30%(local recurrence; 3/11, and regional recurrence; 1/11) in arm 1 and 33% (local recurrence; 1/12, regional recurrence; 2/12 and distant metastasis; 1/12) in arm ll . There was no significant difference in survival between arm I and arm II (p> 0.05). The toxicities of treatment were acceptable. More controlled clinical trials must be completed before acceptance of chemotherapy as part of a standard radical treatment for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2006

Purpose: A retrospective study was performed to assess the efficacy and tolerance of ${\beta}-blocker$ administration in patients with heart failure and diabetes. Method: Records of 164 patients who were treated for the heart failure condition more than a year were studied retrospectively. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on their diabetes(DM) status and the administration of ${\beta}-blockers$ ($DM+{\beta}-blocker$ group: 14, DM w/o ${\beta}-blocker$: 19, No DM + ${\beta}-blocker$: 62, No DM + no ${\beta}-blocker$: 69). All patients had been receiving conventional therapy such as digoxin, ACE-I, ARB, diuretics, nitrates, aspirin, anticoagulants or lipid-lowering agents. The primary endpoints (death and hospital admission) were recorded during 1 year period and hemodynamic factors (HR, LVEF, SBP, DBP) were obtained from all patient groups before and after 12 months of ${\beta}-blocker$ treatment. To evaluate toxicity of ${\beta}-blocker$, SCr, BUN, AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase were obtained. Result: There were less death and hospital admission in DM + ${\beta}-blocker$ group than in DM without ${\beta}-blocker$ group (p=0.014). Relative risk of hospital admission for $DM+{\beta}-blocker$ group over no DM group was 1.17. Long term ${\beta}-blocker$ administration was associated with an improvement of heart rate in patients with DM (P< 0.02) with no significant improvement of LVEF, SBP, DBP. in DM patient. In patient without DM, ${\beta}-blocker$ was associated with improvement in LVEF, HR and DBP (P<0.01, P<0.03), but not in SBP. The incidence of toxicity was similar between the four group with no significant difference. Conculsion: Treatment of heart failure patients with ${\beta}-blocker$ appears to be beneficial in terms of hospital admission event and several hemodynamic factors. The toxicities of ${\beta}-blocker$ treatment were not significant and the treatment is generally well-tolerated in most of the heart failure patients.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2009

The incidence of childhood cancer is greatest in the first year of life. Early diagnosis and advances in medicine have significantly improved outcomes of treatment resulting in higher survival rate; however, this progress comes at the expense of a higher incidence of adverse side effects because of more aggressive antineoplastic treatment strategies. The oral cavity, a trauma-prone environment, is extremely sensitive to toxicities from antineoplastic agents. Oral health care specialists, including pediatric and hospital dentists can support the oncology team by providing basic oral care, implementing oral care protocols, delivering emergency dental treatment, and assisting and/or managing oral complications from cancer therapy. This article covers the considerations in the dental management of pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment, specifically chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.617-622
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• 2016

Oxidative stress is closely associated with various diseases and is considered to be a major factor in ischemia. NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) protein is a known antioxidant protein that plays a protective role in various cells against oxidative stress. We therefore investigated the effects of cell permeable Tat-NQO1 protein on hippocampal HT-22 cells, and in an animal ischemia model. The Tat-NQO1 protein transduced into HT-22 cells, and significantly inhibited against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced cell death and cellular toxicities. Tat-NQO1 protein inhibited the Akt and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation as well as caspase-3 expression levels, in $H_2O_2$ exposed HT-22 cells. Moreover, Tat-NQO1 protein transduced into the CA1 region of the hippocampus of the animal brain and drastically protected against ischemic injury. Our results indicate that Tat-NQO1 protein exerts protection against neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress, suggesting that Tat-NQO1 protein may potentially provide a therapeutic agent for neuronal diseases.