• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2018

Taste is closely related to intake of food. Taste perception is also influenced by type of food ingested, and nutrition and health status. Bitter taste plays an important role in the survival of human and animals to avoid probable toxic and harmful substances. Vertebrate animals recognize bitter taste through type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs). Several T2Rs have been expressed extra-oral such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, brain and immune cells, and parts of their functions are being revealed. This review will discuss physiological roles of T2Rs in relation to innate immunity, secretion and smooth muscle contraction expressed in extra-oral cells and tissues, and we summarize relationships between polymorphisms in T2Rs and general or oral diseases. It is not a coincidence that animals pay much genetic costs for taste and smell during evolution.

• 도시과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2019

With the continuous progress of modern science and technology and the rapid development of economy, with the continuous development of society, the treatment of industrial and domestic sewage has become a hot concern. Toxic substances and non-degradable pollutants in wastewater also have a great impact on the environment. This paper mainly expounds the current environmental situation and the adsorption mechanism of activated carbon. And the application and development of activated carbon adsorption in wastewater.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.371-384
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• 1995

Ethanol can affect a wide range of organ and organelle systems. Some of its effects are directly due to the action of either ethanol or its metabolites, whereas others are related to nutritional deficencies associated with ethanol intake. Some of the liver damages occurring in alcohol abusers are mainly due to generation of free radical during the metabolism of ethanol and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Acetthrough the formation of free radicals, or depletion of levels of antioxidant substances. When prevent generation of the activity. Several authors have reproted the ethanol-related variation of antioxidants such as $\alpha$-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, selenium and glutathionem which are important thereby promoting deficiencies as well as toxic interactions with vitamin A and $\beta$-carotene. It has been appeared that ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity may be partially prevented by the administration of antioxidants.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

In this study, using the synetics technique for strategies by making unfamiliarity into familiarity in the case of 911 terrorism. This study has meaningful messages for citizens and firefighters' illness caused by disaster sites in the field of disaster management in Korea. There are 7 stages to explain cause of a variety of cancers happening to citizens and firefighters in this study. The 7 stages are composed of real situation, direct analogies, personal analogies, symbolic analogies, new direct analogies, and review. This synetics will contribute to providing better ideas for citizens and firefighters' physical and mental health conditions.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2007

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the present status of several environmental problems caused by emerging toxic substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and arsenic in various environmental media in Vietnam. Monitoring data reported during the 1990s demonstrated elevated contamination of DDTs in most of these compartments in Vietnam. Studies in frame of the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch Program revealed that fish, mussels and resident birds from Vietnam contained higher concentrations of DDTs as compared to other countries in region, suggesting the role of Vietnamese environment as a significant emission source of DDT in the Southeast Asian region. The estimated dietary intakes of PCBs and DDTs for Vietnamese were relatively high among Asian developing countries, suggesting potential risk for humans posed by thesechemicals. Widespread contamination of some endocrine active compounds such as alkylphenols and phthalates was observed at various sites along the coasts of northern and middle Vietnam. The presence of significant source of bisphenol-A along Red River estuary was revealed with the concentrations comparable to those reported for developed nations. A case study on seasonal variation of alkylphenols and phthalates in surface water of river delta and estuary of north and middle Vietnam indicated the differences in distribution of these compounds between dry and rainy seasons. Higher concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates were found in dry season in estuary; while the contrasting pattern was observed in the river delta, showing elevated residues in rainy season. This result suggests the different behavior of alkylphenols and phthalates in river delta and coastal environment. From ecotoxicological perspectives, concentrations of bis-phenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalates [DEHP] in surface water from some locations in Vietnam exceeded the guideline values for Ecotoxicological Effects and the Environmental Risk Limit, respectively, suggesting potential for toxic implications on aquatic wildlife. Widespread and elevated arsenic contamination was discovered inour recent surveys in groundwater in a large area of suburban areas of Hanoi city, the capital of Vietnam. The most recent investigation in 4 villages showed about more than 50 % of groundwater samples contained As concentrations exceeding 50 g/L (the WHO and Vietnamese standard). In particular, in Son Dong villages, 58 % of samples analyzed contained As concentrations higher than 200 g/L. Good correlations were found in As concentrations in water and hair and urine of peoples in corresponding families, suggesting the chronic exposure to As by people living in As-contaminated ground water areas. In Son Dong village, As levels in hair (mean: 1.7 mg/kg dry wt) and urine (g/g creatinine) exceeding the reference values recommended by WHO, suggesting potential for human risk posed by long term accumulation of As in human body. Future studies should be focused on the time trends of POPs and EDCs in biota in Vietnam in order to predict future trend of contamination and to reveal new clues for understanding possible toxic impacts on aquatic organisms. The issues of arsenic contamination in groundwater and their chronic toxic implications on human health should be systematically investigated in the future.

• 한국위험물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO₂, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.678-689
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• 1995

Chromium is one of the representative toxic substance by occupational exposure which damage the mucosa of respiratory tract including nasal septal perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chromium exposure on olfactory function and to obtain the fundamental information about chromium exposure. The authors performed olfactory function test, laboratory tests and questionnaire interview on the subject of three groups, that is, two exposed groups and one nonexposed group from May 1 to June 30, 1994. Exposed group 1 was 15 male workers without nasal septal perforation, exposed group 2 was 15 male workers with nasal septal perforation among 103 workers in 22 chromium plating factories, and nonexposed group was 15 male medical students. The gathered informations were histories of chromium exposure, habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, the concentrations of chromium in serum and urine, and asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase, etc. Olfactory function was checked by T and T olfectometer using phenyl ethyl alcohol(material A), methyl cyclopentenolone(material B), iso-valeric acid(material C), $\gamma$-undecalactone(material D), skatole(material E) and the results were expressed by detection threshold(DT) and recognition threshold(RT). There was a significant difference between exposed groups and nonexposed group in A, B, C, D, E substances by DT and in A, B, C, D substances by RT(P<0.01). The degree of olfactory dysfunction was highest in the exposed group 2 and lowest in the nonexposed group in all five substances by DT and it was same in A B, D substances RT and the difference of RT and DT. As summary, olfactory dysfunction by chromium exposure was recognized and the degree of olfactory dysfunction was higher in the exposed group with nasal septal perforation. Therefore, it would be helpful to apply olfactory function test for the early detection of olfactory dysfunction, and this test would be considered as the basic tool within workers' compensation system.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.28-32
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• 1988

에피네프린은 지방분해를 촉진하고 인슈린은 지방생성을 촉진한다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 최근에 한국홍삼분말 중에는 에피네프린으로 유도된 지방분해를 억제하며 인슐린이 매개하는 당으로부터의 지방합성을 촉진하는 아데노신과 산성펩티드 성분이 존재함이 밝혀졌다. 산성펩티드의 화학구조는 Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glucose인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한국홍삼으로 부터 추출된 이러한 물질들은 흰쥐 지방세포에서 반대의 대사경로를 통하여 지방분해를 억제하는 반면 지방합성을 촉진하기도 하는 선택적 조절작용을 나타낸다. 최근에 우리는 여러가지 악성종양을 가진 환자의 복수액으로부터 toxohormone-L로 명명된 독성물질을 분리하였다. Toxohormone-L은 흰쥐 지방세포에서 지방분해를 촉진하고 흰쥐에서 식욕감퇴를 유발했다. Toxohormone-L의 이러한 작용은 한국홍삼에서 분리된 진세노사이드 $Rb_2$에 의해서 억제됨이 발견되었다. 한국홍삼에서 발견된 이러한 물질의 생리학적 유의성을 언급하고자 한다.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.258-269
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• 2022

Background and Objectives: Currently, safety pharmacological tests for the central nervous system depend on animal behavioral analysis. However, due to the subjectivity of behavioral analysis and differences between species, there is a limit to appropriate nervous system toxicity assessment, therefore a new neurotoxicity assessment that can simulate the human central nervous system is required. Methods and Results: In our study, we developed an in vitro neurotoxicity assessment focusing on neuronal function. To minimize the differences between species and fast screening, hiPSC-derived neurons and a microelectrode array (MEA) that could simultaneously measure the action potentials of the neuronal networks were used. After analyzing the molecular and electrophysiological characters of our neuronal network, we conducted a neurotoxicity assessment on neurotransmitters, neurotoxicants, illicit drugs, and new psychoactive substances (NPS). We found that most substances used in our experiments responded more sensitively to our MEA-based neurotoxicity assessment than to the conventional neurotoxicity assessment. Also, this is the first paper that evaluates various illicit drugs and NPS using MEA-based neurotoxicity assessment using hiPSC-derived neurons. Conclusions: Our study expanded the scope of application of neurotoxicity assessment using hiPSC-derived neurons to NPS, and accumulated evaluation data of various toxic substances for hiPSC-derived neurons.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2001

식물의 대기오염 피해에 이차독성물질이 관여하는지를 조사하기 위하여 관엽식물 파키라(Pachira aquatica), 스파티필룸 (Spathiphyllum patinii) 및 헤데라(Hedera helix)에 $1\;{\mu}L/L$의 $SO_2$를 2일간 처리한 결과, 광합성 및 수분이용효율과 같은 생리활성 변화에 있어 파키라가 저감율이 가장 높았으며, 스파티필룸이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 가시피해 역시 파키라, 헤데라의 순으로 발현되었으며 스파티필룸에서는 가시피해가 나타나지 않아 $SO_2$에 대한 감수성이 파키라가 내성종, 스파티필룸이 민감종으로 대별되었다. 한편, 에틸렌과 활성산소 모두 $SO_2$ 처리에 의해 파키라에서 높게 유도되었으며 그 다음으로 헤데라, 스파티필룸의 순으로 나타나 $SO_2$에 대한 식물반응의 종간차이에 이차독성물질이 관여함을 알 수 있었다. 이같은 대기오염물질에 의한 식물체내 이차독성물질 생성은 대기오염에 대한 지표로서 이용될 수 있으며 이를 제어함으로서 피해의 진전을 저감시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.