• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2013

With diversity of mobile services (e.g., messenger, and social network service) on smartphone, the demand of text input using a soft keyboard is increasing. However, studies on subjective and physiological responses of users for various touch locations are lacking. The present study investigated the ergonomic effects according to touch locations of a soft keyboard on smartphone. The experiment of the present study measured perceived discomfort using Borg's CR-10 scale and electromyography (EMG) on forearm (abductor pollicis longus, and extensor digitorum communis) and thumb (abductor pollicis brevis, and first dorsal interossei) muscles. Perceived discomfort was significantly varied from 0.7 (extremely weak discomfort) to 2.5 (weak discomfort) depending on touch locations. %MVC according to touch locations was only significant at abductor pollicis brevis which varied from 10% to 23%. The experimental results of the present study can be utilized in the ergonomic design of a soft keyboard.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2015

The smart watch is the most popular wearable computing device because it takes a form of wristwatch. Many smart watches have adopted the touch screen interface due to the limited size of display. This paper focuses on touch key size and spacing that affect the usability about the touch key of smart watch. The experiments were made for four touch key sizes (width${\times}$height; $5{\times}5$, $5{\times}7$, $7{\times}5$, $7{\times}7mm$) and nine touch key spacing (vertical${\times}$horizontal; $0{\times}0$, $0{\times}1$, $0{\times}3$, $1{\times}0$, $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$, $3{\times}0$, $3{\times}1$, $3{\times}3mm$). The completion time, error rate, control discomfort and identification discomfort were measured. The touch key size $7{\times}7$, $7{\times}5$ and the touch key spacing $3{\times}3$, $1{\times}3$ provided the best results in terms of the completion time and the control discomfort, while the square touch key ($7{\times}7$, $5{\times}5$) provided the best performance for the error rate measure. The result of this study can help ergonomically design the touch interface of the smart watch.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

This paper focuses on small touch key size and spacing that affect the usability of the smart phones. The experiments examined thirty-six different touch key designs, combinations of four touch key sizes (width (mm) ${\times}$height (mm); $4{\times}4$, $4{\times}7$, $7{\times}4$, and $7{\times}7$), and nine spacings (horizontal (mm)${\times}$vertical (mm); $0{\times}0$, $0{\times}1$, $0{\times}3$, $1{\times}0$, $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$, $3{\times}0$, $3{\times}1$, and $3{\times}3$). Forty participants volunteered in the experiment. The completion time, error rate, identification discomfort, and control discomfort were measured. The results revealed that the touch key sizes of $7{\times}7$ and $7{\times}4$ provide the best performance in terms of the error rate measure, while the touch key size of $7{\times}7$ provides the best results for other measures. In addition, touch key spacings of $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$ and $3{\times}1$ are regarded as the best for all the measures. The results of this study suggest a practical approach for the small touch key design for the smart phones.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2017

Purpose : This study investigated the effects of active warming using a Warm Touch warming system or a cotton blanket in postoperative patients after general anesthesia for abdominal surgery. Methods : This quasi-experimental study utilized two experimental groups and one control group: a cotton-blanket group (n = 25) were warmed with a cotton blanket and a sheet; a forced-air warming group (n = 24) were warmed with a Warm Touch warming system, a cotton blanket, and a sheet; and a control group (n = 25) were warmed with a sheet. Measurement variables were postoperative pain, body temperature, and thermal discomfort. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, ${\chi}^2-tests$, Fisher's exact test, and a repeated measures ANOVA. Results : The effects of active warming using a Warm Touch warming system and a cotton blanket on postoperative patients was significant in reducing pain (F = 13.91, p < .001) and increasing body temperature (F = 12.49, p < .001). Conclusion : Active warming made a significant difference in pain and body temperature changes. Active warming methods may help patients' postoperative recovery and prevent complications. Further research is needed to explore the effects and side effects of active warming on recovering normothermia.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.127-139
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examin wearing satisfaction and needs of the caregivers' uniforms. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 303 who are serving in the geriatric hospital and general hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Chungcheong region. It was coherently found on the whole that the irrelevance to the fitness of size system influenced the discomfort, and the relation between discomfort and satisfaction revealed negative-correlation, and the higher the discomfort is and the lower satisfaction is, the higher their improvement needs are. Particularly, the higher the discomfort on the fitness of size system is and the lower its satisfaction is, the higher the improvement needs on the size system and activities are. As a result, the clothing construction and the selection of materials for the complement of the fitness and discomfort's incongruity is required. Namely, the yoke of the back area and the various detail for the activity, the materials satisfying stretch, good-touch, antibiotic functionality, and the expansion of the size system are needed.

• 복식
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.90-103
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• 2008

This study aims to examine the current state of wearing working clothes for the workers who work in Electric Technology Division, Korea Railroad Corporation, to identify inconveniences and problems in relation to the working clothes, and based on the examination, to find a way to improve them, creating a design of summer working clothes that will have more advanced functionalities including activity adaptability and comfort. Survey was conducted through direct observation and interview for Electric Railway Power Team. A total of 352 copies were collected and analyzed. Based on the results of questionnaire, an experimental clothes, the functionality of which has improved in terms of design, material, and patterns, was created. The followings are the results of the study. Easy activity, design, and comfort are required as functions of working clothes. In design related questions, the survey shows high dissatisfaction in the color of existing working clothes, and preferred colors are dark blue and gray. With regard to the method of zipping up the front side, zippers are preferred. Although many pockets on the existing working clothes have high satisfaction, dissatisfaction to pocket format is high. In material related questions, lower dissatisfaction is indicated for the sense of touch, ventilation and sweat absorption. It is shown that the areas frequently polluted include the lower part of pocket, the edges of sleeves and elbow areas on the jacket. The frequently polluted area of the trousers include knee areas, the edges of pants and buttocks. With regard to the areas where the workers felt discomfort when motion, discomfort is highly indicated with armpits and back on the jacket. Also discomfort is highly indicated with crotch, buttocks and knee areas on the trousers. In material related questions, lower dissatisfaction is indicated for the sense of touch, ventilation, sweat absorption.

• 복식
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.88-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to grasp the actual wearing conditions, inconvenience and problems with cycle wear. To attain this purpose, a questionnaire was completed by direct observation and by interviewing bicyclists. The questionnaire was given to 273 bicyclists. The questionnaire consisted of items that are related to concerns with dressing appropriately and enhancement of physical performance through dress. Following are the results of this study. According to the survey, many of them purchased imported cycle wear rather than national cycle wear, and the satisfaction according with purchase rate was low. Bicyclists were uneasy with finding right size cycle wear especially for women. It turned out that the area of the knee and elbow are mostly the areas that they get hurt while riding. Even though the knee and elbow are the mostly hurt area, bicyclists do not prefer to wear appropriate protector for the knee and elbow to excel in their performance in cycling. In material related questions, lower dissatisfaction was indicated for the lints caused by fraction. Average satisfaction was indicated for the distortion after washing, changes in color, touch of the fabric, matters with static and sweat. With regard to the areas where the bicyclists felt discomfort was highly indicated with lower-body clothing. Discomfort was highly indicated with crotch area when riding long period of time. Also when riding a cycle, discomfort was indicated with the leggings cuffs when it comes upward with riding motion. Most of the bicyclists felt the tight fitting leggings were embarrassing.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2016

사건 및 사고로 다수의 피해자 또는 참고인들은 경찰서를 방문하고 진술 조서를 작성한다. 진술 조서 과정 중오기 또는 오타로 인하여 수정이 요청 되었을 때 수정 부분을 수정한 후 지문을 이용하여 수정되었음을 인정하는 불필요한 단계 과정에서 불편함과 위생적 문제점을 해결하고, 경찰의 내 수사 단계에서 진술조서 작성 시 KICS와 전자 수사자료표 시스템을 연동한 지문인식기 도입으로 원터치 신원 확인 및 간인 날인 절차를 간소화 할 수 있다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

본 논문에는 22.9 kV-Y 배전계통의 1선 지락고장이 인체의 안전 및 저압설비의 보호에 대한 실험적 결과를 기술하였다. 새로이 제정된 KS C IEC 60364 규격군에 따른 고압 충전도체가 대지에 접촉되는 지락고장에 의한 위험전압과 저압기기의 스트레스전압을 평가하기 위해서 22.9[kV] 중성점 다중접지계통에 대한 실증실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과로부터 KS C IEC 60364 규격군을 기존의 국내배전계통에 적용할 때 부합되지 않는 중대한 문제점을 도출하였으며, 22.9 kV-Y 다중접지와 수용가설비접지를 공용하는 공통접지계통에서 발생하는 지락고장에 의한 일시적 과전압에 대한 효과적인 보호대책을 제시하였다. 결국 22.9 kV-Y계통과 저압설비를 공통접지로 하는 경우 인체와 저압설비의 안전을 위한 효과적인 보호대책의 구현에는 등전위본딩이 중요한 필수적 요건임이 밝혀졌다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Poor wettability of denture relining materials may lead to retention problems and patient discomfort. PURPOSE. Purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate wettability of nine denture relining materials using contact angle measurements under air and water storage over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Nine denture relining materials were investigated in this study. Two heat-curing polymethyl-methacrylate(PMMA) denture base materials: Vertex RS, Lang, one self-curing polyethyl-methacrylate(PEMA) chairside reline resin: Rebase II, six silicone relining materials: Mucopren soft, Mucosoft, $Mollosil^{{R}}$ plus, Sofreliner Touch, GC $Reline^{TM}$ Ultrasoft, Silagum automix comfort were used in this experiment. Contact angles were measured using high-resolution drop shape analysis system(DSA 10-MK2, KRUESS, Germany) under three conditions(in air after setting, 1 hour water storage, and 24 hours water storage). Nine materials were classified into three groups according to material composition(Group 1: PMMA, Group 2: PEMA, Group 3: Silicone). Mean values of contact angles were compared using independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA, followed by a Scheffe's post hoc analysis($\alpha$=0.01). RESULTS. Contact angles of materials tested after air and water storage increased in the following order: Group 1(PMMA), Group 2(PEMA), Group 3(Silicone). Heat-cured acrylic denture base resins had more wettability than silicone relining materials. Lang had the highest wettability after 24 hours of water storage. Silicone relining materials had lower wettability due to their hydrophobicity. Wettability of all denture relining materials, except Rebase II and $Mollosil^{{R}}$ plus, increased after 24 hours of water storage. CONCLUSIONS. Conventional heat-cured resin showed the highest wettability, therefore, it can be suggested that heat-cured acrylic resin is material of choice for denture relining materials.