• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.1342-1347
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• 2011

Advantages of the deeply underground subway are underground space efficiency, high speed, decrease of noise and vibration. However, when fire occurs in the deeply underground subway station, large casualties are occurred like Daegu subway station fire due to the increase of evacuation distance. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed by using the fire and evacuation analysis program FDS+EVAC for smoke movement and evacuation in Beotigogae station among the deeply underground subway station. Heat release rate of carriage fire was set 10MW and the fire growth rate was ultrafast. As a result, the smoke move to the exit at 1085 second. The total evacuation time took 956 second.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.460-466
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• 2018

For the efficient energy consumption in an urban railway station, it is necessary to know the patterns of electrical loads for each usage in detail. The electrical loads in an urban railway station have different characteristics from other normal electrical load, such as the peak load timing during a day. The lighting, HVAC, communication, and commercial loads make up large amount of electrical load for equipment in an urban railway station, and each of them has the unique specificity. These loads for each usage were estimated without measuring device by the polynomial regression method with big data such as total amount of electrical load and weather data. In the simulation with real data, the optimal polynomial regression model was third order polynomial regression model with 9 or 10 independent variables.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.373-378
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• 2011

As the number of deeply-underground subway station(DUSS) increases, the safety measures for DUSS have been requested. In this research, Shingumho station (The line # 5, Depth: 46m) has been selected as case-study for the analysis of smoke-spread speed with the different fire strength. Field test data measured for actual fan in DUSS was applied as a condition of a simulation. The whole station was covered in this analysis and total of 4 million grids were generated for this simulation. The fire driven flow was analyzed case by case to compare the smoke-spread effect according to the fire strength. in order to enhance the efficiency of calculation, parallel processing by MPI was employed and large eddy simulation method in FDS code was adopted.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to evaluate genetic variation in 48 rice accessions (Oryza sativa L.) using AFLP and RAPD markers. For AFLP, a total of 928 bands were generated with 11 primer combinations and 327 bands (35.2%) of them were polymorphic among 48 accessions. In RAPD analyses using 22 random primers 145 bands were produced, and 121 (83.4%) were polymorphic among 48 accessions. Each accession revealed a distinct fingerprint by two DNA marker systems. Cluster analysis using AFLP-based genetic similarity tended to classify rice cultivars into different groups corresponding to their varietal types and breeding pedigrees, but not using RAPD-based genetic similarity. The AFLP marker system was more sensitive than RAPD in fingerprinting of rice cultivars with narrow genetic diversity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 1972

The extent of water pollution was investigated at 4 stations in Kyonggi Bay during the summer seasons in 1970 and 1971. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total hardness, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria and facel coli were examined together with the measurement of pH and transparency. The relationship between the extent of pollution and the distance from the Inchon Bay also was examined. The concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, coliform bacteria nad fecal coli were all highest at station 1, and lowest at station 4. Values were somewhat higher at low tide level in general. On the contrary, dissolved oxygen concentration was highest at station 4 and lowest at station 1. The highest and lowest values of biochemical oxygen demand were 10.88 ppm at station 1 and 0.27 ppm at station 4. The chemical oxygen demand concentrations at station 1 and 4 were 1.90 ppm and 0.63 ppm. Ammonia concnetration at station 1 was 0.43 pp, and was nearly 5 times as much as that at station 4. The values were $2.45{\times}10^{-4}$ ppm at station 1, and $6{\times}10^{-4}$ ppm at station 4. Nitrite concnetration at station 1 was $3{\times}10^{-4}$ppm and was the highest, while the lowest was $9.45{\times}10^{-5}$ ppm at station 4. Phosphate value at station 1 too was the highest and was about 4 times as much as that at station 4. Coliform bacteria were most abundant at station 1, and were counted to be 1.$1.7{\times}10^{-5}$cells/ml. At station 4, the number greatly reduced to 8 * 10$^{2}$ cells/ml. The number of fecal coli at station 1 was $2{\times}10^{-4}$ cells/ml. But at station 4, no fecal coli was detected at high tide level. At low tide level, 3 cells/ml were counted at station 4. In all of these, the highest data were obtained at low tide level, while most of the lowest value, at high tide level. Generally, values at statio 1 were 3-5 times as much as those at station 4. Concentration of dissolved oxygen at station 1 was 0.366 mg-atoms/1 and was the lowest. The highest value was 0.420 mg-atoms/1 and was recorded at station 4. The highest at station 4, which certainly were believed to be the result of the dilution by the fresh water of the Han river flowing into the Inchon Bay. As we can see from the data above, the extent of pollution was highest at station 1, the nearest from Inchon harbor, and lowest at station 4, where is the farthest, Station 1 and 2 were proved to be much polluted, but station 3 and 4, not.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2008

Environmental qualities of coastal water and bottom sediment were assessed at Jordan's northernmost tip of Gulf of Aqaba to evaluate possible impacts of the bordering fish pen cages in Eilat. Results showed significant differences between surface and bottom water in the chemical and physical variables in the different months of the year (2004-2005). Chlorophyll a was also significantly higher in bottom water when compared to that of the offshore water. Nitrate and ammonia were significantly higher in bottom water than the surface water at each individual station. The upper 2 cm of sediment sample recorded higher values of total phosphorus and organic matter. Seasonality affected the content of total phosphorus, organic matter, redox potential and color especially at the sediment layer below 3 cm of the sediment core. The present investigation showed slight modification of water and sediment qualities but no clear sign of eutrophication was observed. However, to maintain sustainability of healthy environmental conditions at the northern tip of Gulf of Aqaba potentials of any possible environmental risks arising from the fish farms or any other coastal investment should be carefully considered.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.388-391
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• 2005

The characteristics of the total ozone variations measured by the ground-based Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) over Pohang are statistically examined from January 1994 to December 2004. First of all, in the correlation analysis of the total ozone measured from the Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer and the TOMS, the correlation coefficient was 0.88 and the used data were 2190. The annual mean value of the total ozone is 311 DU with the standard deviation of 13 DU. The maximum and the minimum value were found in March (343 DU) and in September (282 DU), respectively. It was also revealed that the longest seasonal variation is in Spring (341 DU) and the smallest is in Autumn (283 DU). The time series data of the total ozone indicates that the annual variation is significant and the variations for three months and six months are relatively weak. Finally, the annual mean total ozones in Pohang (Brewer), Seoul (Brewer) and Busan (TOMS) are 312 DU, 324 DU and 304 DU, respectively.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 2015

Hunter's color value "a" in dried-persimmon of table and full ripe fruit was higher than that in unripe fruit. In case of soluble solid content, full ripe fruit was $50^{\circ}Brix$, the highest degree, while unripe fruit was $40^{\circ}Brix$, the lowest degree. PPO activation of unripe fruit was 4.7, which was higher than table-ripe fruit (0.7) and full ripe (1.0). Polyphenol oxidase activation remained even while drying, but there was no difference in PPO activation degree as drying period increased. Total phenol content of unripe fruit was 101.4, which was higher than table-ripe fruit (57.5) and full ripe fruit (67.4). Total phenol content level increased as drying period increased, which was based on fresh weight. Hardness of unripe and table ripe fruit continued to decrease until three weeks during softening. After that, hardness was high and it started drying. However, in full ripe fruit, hardness increased after two weeks and softening was fast during the drying period, and its weight reduction rate was lower than that of unripe and table ripe fruit.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.1 s.32
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• pp.19-29
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• 2005

In this study, Real Time Kinematic GPS(RTK GPS) was conducted twice at the same site in two different seasons, respectively to check the possibility of it as the mapping tool, and how the factor affecting the accuracy of it. As a result, most parts of a small garden except f3r the worst environments surrounded with lots of tree canopy and several buildings were mapped using RTK GPS even in spring, full of a green foliage and winter as well. However, the mapping accuracy and the availability of RTK GPS were not so high. The study showed that it is recommended in RTK GPS mapping to utilize Total Station, etc. in the worst urban environments unable to track the satellite signals with ease.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2007

This study aims to suggest efficient setting up of GPS (Global Positioning System) for cadastral surveying. In order to perform it effectively, worldly used modern surveying technology GPS introduced. In a practical analysis, GPS observation had been performed in the research area and the results had been compared and analysed with the results of Total Station. As a results, it is shown that GPS is more efficient rather than current surveying method in terms of time, cost and economy. The results of GPS surveying were included in the scope of error tolerance, being accepted by cadastral laws, showing high accuracy of GPS surveying method. With the results of analysis, how to application of GPS for cadastral surveying was suggested.