• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.27-31
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• 2018

The People have a bad perception about diesel vehicle because of serious air pollution, increase fine dust and global vehicle company's diesel gate. Starting the project in 2005, Ministry of Environment has been supporting that is exhaust gas reduction devices (DPF) on diesel vehicles in the metropolitan area. During the period of 2017.01.01 to 2017.12.31, 10,030 diesel vehicles installed exhaust gas reduction devices (DPF). Among them, 9,921 diesel vehicles that they have sufficient data for analysis were analyzed amount of particulate matter reduction before and after exhaust gas reduction devices (DPF) was installed. Opacity smoke meter measures the concentration of particulate matter. So concentration of particulate matter was converted into a mass unit, and then calculated the total amount of reduced particulate matter. It was estimated that social benefits is costs required to remove it from the total amount of particulate matter.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.533-538
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• 2006

The nano-particles are known to influence the environmental protection and human health. The relationships between transient vehicle operation and nano-particle emissions are not well-known, especially for diesel passenger vehicles with DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter). In this study, two diesel passenger vehicles were measured on a chassis dynamometer test bench. The particulate matter (PM) emission of these vehicles was investigated by number and mass measurement. The mass of the total PM was evaluated using the standard gravimetric measurement method, and the total number concentrations were measured on a ECE15+EUDC driving cycle using Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). According to the investigation results, total number concentration was $1.14{\times}10^{11}$M and mass concentration was 0.71mg/km. About 99% of total number concentration was emitted during the $0{\sim}400s$ because of engine cold condition. In high temperature and high speed duration, the particulate matter was increased but particle concentration was emitted not yet except initial engine cold condition According to DPF performance deterioration, the particulate matter was emitted 2 times and particle concentration was emitted 32 times. Thus DPF performance deterioration affects particle concentration more than PM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.148-155
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• 2020

Purpose: The study was performed to identify the relationship between particulate matter and allergic diseases among adolescents in South Korea. Methods: The study used the raw data from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey which was performed in 2018. The data of a total of 60,040 students were analyzed, using SPSS 21, by descriptive statistics, t-test, χ2 test, and logistic regression. Results: Allergic diseases among adolescents were showed to be significantly related to gender, age, school record, stress, BMI, insufficient sleep, depression, current drinking, current smoking, and particulate matter concentrations. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a health promotion program that considers particulate matter concentrations be developed to improve the health status of adolescents with allergic diseases.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.719-725
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• 2020

Objectives: With the growth of national interest in fine particulate matter, many complaints about pollutants emitted from air pollution emitting facilities have arisen in recent years. In particular, it is thought that a large volume of particulate pollutants are discharged from workplaces that use Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF). Therefore, particulate contaminants generated from SRF were measured and analyzed in this study in terms of respective particle sizes. Methods: In this study, particulate matter in exhaust gas was measured by applying US EPA method 201a using a cyclone. This method measures Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM), and does not consider the Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) that forms particles in the atmosphere after being discharged as a gas in the exhaust gas. Results: The mass concentration of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in the four SRF-using facilities was 1.16 to 11.21 mg/Sm3, indicating a very large concentration deviation of about 10 times. When the fuel input method was the continuous injection type, particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛ diameter showed the highest particle size fraction, followed by particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ and larger than 2.5 ㎛, and particulate matter of 2.5 ㎛ or less. Contrary to the continuous injection type, the batch injection type had the smallest particle size fraction of particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛. The overall particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased from 100% to 60% at the batch input type D plant. In addition, as incomplete combustion significantly decreased, the particle size fraction also changed significantly. Both TSP and heavy metals (six items) satisfied the emissions standards. The measured value of the emission factor was 38-99% smaller than the existing emissions factor. Conclusions: In the batch injection facility, the particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased, as did the particle size fraction of the particulate matter. These results will help the selection of effective methods such as reducing the operating load factor instead of adjusting the operating time during emergency reduction measures.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.418-438
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to review the effects of herbal medicine on respiratory diseases induced by the treatment of particulate matter in in vivo animal models. Methods: Literature searches were performed in seven databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, KISS, KTKP, OASIS, and ScienceON). After the searched studies were screened based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the publication date, origin, used animals, induction of particulate matter models, herbal medicine used for intervention, study design, outcome measure, and results of studies were analyzed. Results: Among a total of 972 studies primarily searched, 34 studies were finally included in our study. Of this number, 29 studies induced animal models by using only particulate matter, and 5 studies induced animal models with respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, by using particulate matter and other materials. In the selected studies, the treatments of herbal medicine in particulate matter models suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and blood as well as lung injury in histological analysis. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that herbal medicine is effective in treating respiratory diseases induced by particulate matter. These results are also expected to be useful data for designing further studies. However, more systematically designed in vivo studies related to particulate matter are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2017

Objectives: An on-site study was conducted in order to quantify indoor exposure levels and the emission rate of particulate matter for domestic poultry buildings. Materials and methods: Three types of poultry building (caged layer house, broiler house, and layer house with manure belt) as classified by mode of manure treatment and ventilation were investigated in this study. Nine sites per each poultry building were selected and visited for measuring exposure levels and emission rate of particulate matter. Total dust and respirable dust among the particulate matter were analyzed based on the weight method. Emission rates were estimated by dividing emission amount, which was calculated through multiplying indoor concentration ($mg/m^3$), by the ventilation rate ($m^3/h$), into indoor area ($m^2$) and number of poultry reared in the poultry building. Results: Mean exposure levels for total dust and respirable dust in the poultry buildings were $3.91({\pm}1.99)mg/m^3$ and $1.99({\pm}0.89)mg/m^3$, respectively. The emission rates of particulate matter in the poultry buildings were estimated as $4.75({\pm}1.22)mg\;head^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $64.39({\pm}24.95)g\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for total dust and $0.58({\pm}0.23)mg\;head^{-1}h^{-1}$ and $7.52({\pm}2.51)mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for respirable dust, respectively. The distribution patterns for total dust and respirable dust were similar regardless of poultry building type. Among poultry buildings, broiler house showed the highest exposure level and emission rate of total dust and respirable dust, followed by layer house with manure belt and caged layer house. Conclusions: The finding that the broiler house showed the highest exposure level and emission rate of particulate matter can be attributed to sawdust utilized as bedding material, which can be dispersed into the air by movements of the chickens. Thus, a work environmental management solution for optimally reducing dust concentrations is necessary for broiler houses.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.93-98
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• 2020

This study examined the particulate removal performance of three different types of air filters inside a heat exchanger. Of interest was the ability of each filter type in reducing the transmission of outdoor particulate matter of PM10 from entering an apartment while the heat exchanger was in operation. The study tested one commonly used medium filter (E11 grade) and two HEPA filters (H13 grade) of different thicknesses. Two different concentrations of particulate matter were used in the experiment to address different ambient air quality conditions in Korea, 32.75 ㎍/㎥ and 67.26 ㎍/㎥. Study results indicated that under the particulate matter concentration of 32.75 ㎍/㎥, all three filters were capable of removing more than 95% of the fine dust. However at a particulate matter concentration of 67.26 ㎍/㎥, the medium E11 grade filter was only able to remove about 90% of the particulates whereas the HEPA H13 grade filters were able to remove 95% or more of the particulates. The thicker HEPA filter (40T) was also more effective in removing particulates than the thinner HEPA filter (20T) by about 1.6 to 3 percentage points. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that HEPA filters of 20T thickness or greater be used during the high air pollution seasons of winter and spring in Korea while medium filters can be used during the other seasons to reduce outdoor air pollution transmission indoors.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

The characteristics of particulate matter made from daily cooking at a Korean residential apartment house with three dwellers had been investigated for about 3 months. All data were recorded by an optical particle counter every minute at the kitchen. Types of cooking such as boiling, frying, and grilling that performed in the house were listed. Boiling only was used in 32% cases among total 234 meals. Frying and grilling were 14% and 11%, respectively. From an initial indoor particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ in diameter, the increases due to cooking are reported by size. In case of boiling, PM at 1-10 ㎛ size and under 1 ㎛ size little increased. Normally, particles from oil or combustion in a process of frying or grilling increased indoor PM. In a case of grilling, particle mass concentration in a region of 1-10 ㎛ in diameter increased as much as 295 ㎍/㎥. Mass concentration of particles smaller than 1 ㎛ increased as much as 33 ㎍/㎥.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments in seawater were measured in the Northern East China Sea in summer. The distribution of particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) were in the ranges of 54~481㎍/ℓ and 6~85㎍/ℓ, respectively, with relatively high level of concentrations in the western and southern sides of the study area. Also, there has been a significantly positive correlation between POC and PON, gradually increasing toward the deeper range of depth. Average C:N ratios of POC and PON of SPM were 6 in study area. The ratios of POC to PON of SPM increased as the range of depth increased, indicating nitrogen decomposes more rapidly than carbon and is considered to be influenced by the input of detritus from surface sediments. The distribution of total organic matter(TOM), total organic carbon(TOC) and total organic nitrogen(TON) in surface sediments were in the ranges of 3.1~9.6%, 0.282~0.635% and 0.022~0.069%, respectively, with relatively low range in the western and northern sides of the study area. The ratio of TOC to TON of surface sediments were in the range of 9.8~17.4(average of 13), strongly indicating the active role of the input from the terrestrial organic pollutants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance characteristics of Andersen and total suspended particulate (TSP) samplers in terms of particle size distribution (PSD) and mass sampling efficiency. In the present study, two Andersen and four TSP samplers were selected and tested to quantitatively estimate human exposure to fly ash representing industrial particulate matter (PM) in a carefully controlled chamber. The PSD characteristics, a mass median aerodynamic diameter and a geometric standard deviation, were found from the sampled PM of airborne samplers in the chamber. An Andersen sampler was compared with a TSP sampler quantified by a coulter counter multisizer, as a reference sampler, to describe the correlation of mass sampling efficiencies between two types of samplers. Overall results indicate that Andersen samplers overestimated small PM due to particle bounce phenomena between impaction stages. There was reasonably good correlation ($R^2$ = 0.89 and 0.91) between the mass sampling efficiencies of Andersen and TSP samplers during the two tests. However, the lower values of slope (0.71 and 0.72) in two tests showed that the Andersen sampler underestimated PM (> AD $10.1\;{\mu}m$) with sufficient inertia due to a relatively lower Andersen inlet velocity at 0.8 m/s comparing with the operating air velocity at 2.1 m/s in the sampling zone of a chamber.