• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.106-117
• /
• 2006

We measured the concentrations of organic matter and metallic elements (Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor (in the southern sea, Korea) to evaluate the geochemical characters of sediment and the pollutions by organic matter and metallic elements. The mean grain size of the surface sediments in the study area ranged from $5.6{\phi}$ to $7.8{\phi}$, indicating silt sediment. The water content of the surface sediments exceeded 60% except at some stations. The contents of ignition loss (IL), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 7.2-14.3%, 1.2-3.2%, and 0.10-0.28%, respectively. Based on the C/N ratios, the organic matter in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor may originate from terrigenous sources including fluvial inputs (mainly sewage in urban areas). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) ranged from $11.3-29.9\;mgO_2/g\;dry$ and 0.20-4.47 mgS/g dry, respectively, and low concentrations were observed near a shipping route. In addition, the concentrations of metallic elements showed large spatial variations in Masan Harbor and the distributions of metallic elements were also comparable to those of organic matter. This implies that the distributions of organic matter and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor are mainly controlled by biogenic matter and artificial action (mainly dredging). In addition, we calculated the enrichment facto. (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) in order to evaluate pollution by metallic elements. The enrichment of metallic elements relative to Al was three to eighteen times higher at the study sites, compared to levels in the Earth's crust except for Fe, Ni and Mn. In addition, the Igeo class indicated that the surface sediments in the study area were moderately to strongly polluted in terms of metallic elements.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 2023

Extracted from the metropolitan area, the Paldang Lake, which supplies approximately 8 million tons of water, has achieved a BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of 1.1 mg/L as a result of water quality preservation policies. However, concerning the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) component that encompasses refractory organic matter, there has been an observable upward trend in concentration. The introduction of refractory organic matter into the water source of Paldang Lake brings potential increments in BOD, generates off-putting tastes and odors in tap water, increases THM (Trihalomethane) formation, and triggers algae proliferation. Moreover, if residual hazardous refractory pollutants persist in aquatic environments, they may induce endocrine disruption and phenomena such as antibiotic resistance. In this study, a monitoring campaign was executed to discern the concentration of refractory organic matter emissions from point and non-point sources within Paldang Lake and its upstream region, with the aim of managing refractory organic matter in Paldang Lake. By comparing refractory organic matter emission concentrations across monitored areas, the elimination efficiency at wastewater treatment plants was assessed. Additionally, employing the Pearson correlation correlation analysis technique, correlations among refractory organic matter indices, antecedent wet days, and antecedent dry days were explored. The concentrations of refractory organic matter in rivers and Paldang Lake exhibited a similar pattern. Wastewater treatment plant effluents exhibited higher concentrations compared to rivers and Paldang Lake. The assessment of refractory organic matter removal at wastewater treatment plants indicated a removal efficiency of 65.73%. However, no significant correlation emerged between refractory organic matter emission concentration and antecedent wet days or priory antecedent dry days. This absence of correlation is attributed to data scarcity, underscoring the need for long-term monitoring and data accumulation.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2004

This study examined the separation characteristics of some of the most commonly used disperse, reactive and acid dyes by nanofiltration membrane. The chemical characteristics of three major dye solutions such as chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, color, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, conductivity were investigated in this work. Experiments showed that the types of dye had a significant effect on both permeate flux and rejection efficiencies mainly due to the differences among their chemical structures and natures. Especially, the nanofiltration of reactive dye solutions showed higher permeate flux, lower total dissolved solid rejection efficiency and higher organics rejection efficiency than those of disperse dye solutions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.189-193
• /
• 2011

유역관리 및 수질 향상을 위해 다양한 환경정책이 시행되고 있으며, 최근 수질오염총량관리제의 시행으로 인해 보다 집중적인 유역관리와 수질 향상을 위한 노력이 배가되고 있다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 현재 환경부 국립환경과학원에서는 수질오염총량관리를 위하여 단위유역의 말단지점에서 수질 및 유량자료에 대한 정기적인 측정을 8일 간격으로 시행하고 있으며, 데이터 베이스 및 웹시스템을 통하여 자료를 공개하고 있다(이호열, 2009). 이와 같은 자료의 측정과 축적은 그 분석을 통해 수질 개선을 위한 우선 관리 대상지점의 파악 등과 같이 수질오염총량관리제의 시행과 평가를 위해 사용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 새로운 환경정책의 수립에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 현재 소수의 연구들에서만 상기의 자료를 단순히 활용한 결과를 찾을 수 있으며, 특히 측정된 수질 및 유량자료를 분석하여 발표한 연구결과 역시 소수에 지나지 않는다(김철겸 등, 2009). 측정 자료에 대한 분석 및 이에 따른 자료의 활용성 제고를 위해서 다양한 자료 분석 기법의 개발과 적용이 절실하다. 이러한 자료 분석 기법의 개발 및 적용에 관한 연구의 일환으로 최근 패턴분류를 위해 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있는 자기조직화 특성 지도(Self Organizing Feature Map: SOFM)를 상기의 측정 자료에 적용한 연구 결과가 보고된 바 있다(진영훈 등, 2009; 2010). 본 연구에서는 수질오염총량관리제를 위해 측정되고 있는 수질 및 유량자료를 수집하여 자료에 내재되어 있는 시 공간적 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 영산강 유역을 대상으로 하여, 본 유역 내의 단위유역들 중 황룡_A, 지석_A, 영본_A, 영본_B, 영본_C, 영본_D의 말단지점에서 측정되고 있는 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), TOC (Total Organic Carbon), T-N (Total Nitrogen), T-P (Total Phosphorus), SS (Suspended Solids) 수질농도 및 유량자료를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2010

Several mines including Namil, Solim and Jungbong which are located in the Gyeonggi and Kangwon province have been abandoned and closed since 1980 due to "The promotion policy of mining industry". An enormous amount of mining wastes was disposed without proper treatment, which caused soil pollution in tailing dam and ore-dressing plant areas. However, any quantitative assessment was not performed about soil and water pollution by transporting mining wastes such as acid mine drainage, mine tailing, and rocky waste. In this research, heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed according to leaching method which used 0.1 N HCl and total solution method which used Aqua-regia to recognize the ecological effect of distance from hot spot. We sampled tailings, rocky wastes and soils around the abandoned mine. Chemical and physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), soil texture and heavy metal concentration were analyzed. The range of soil's pH is between 4.3 and 6.4 in the tailing dam and oredressing plant area due to mining activity. Total concentrations of As, Cu, and Pb in soil near ore dressing plant area are 250.9, 249.3 and 117.2 mg/kg respectively, which are higher than any other ones near tailing dam area. Arsenic concentration in tailing dams is 31.0 mg/kg, which is also considered as heavily polluted condition comparing with the remediation required level(RRL) in "Soil environment conservation Act".

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.520-530
• /
• 2021

Multivariate statistical analysis and an environmental hydrological model were applied for investigating the causes of water pollution and providing best management practices for water quality improvement in urban and agricultural watersheds. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for water quality time series data show that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (T-P) are classified as non-point source pollutants that are highly correlated with river discharge. Total nitrogen (T-N), which has no correlation with river discharge and inverse relationship with water temperature, behaves like a point source with slow and consistent release. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) shows intermediate characteristics between point and non-point source pollutants. The results of the PCA and CA for the spatial water quality data indicate that the cluster 1 of the watersheds was characterized as upstream watersheds with good water quality and high proportion of forest. The cluster 3 shows however indicates the most polluted watersheds with substantial discharge of BOD and nutrients from urban sewage, agricultural and industrial activities. The cluster 2 shows intermediate characteristics between the clusters 1 and 3. The results of hydrological simulation program-Fortran (HSPF) model simulation indicated that the seasonal patterns of BOD, T-N and T-P are affected substantially by agricultural and livestock farming activities, untreated wastewater, and environmental flow. The spatial analysis on the model results indicates that the highly-populated watersheds are the prior contributors to the water quality degradation of the river.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.436-436
• /
• 2021

강원도 춘천시에 위치한 소양호는 북한강 상류수계로서 1973년에 준공된 우리나라 최대의 인공호이다. 소양호는 준공 이후 주변 유역의 인구밀집도가 낮고 오염물질 유입원이 적어 빈영양호의 수질을 보였다. 준공 후 소양호 수질에 영향을 미친 주요 환경요인으로는 1980-90년대 가두리 양식, 1990년대 후반부터 현재까지 지속되는 문제는 상류에서 강우시 발생된 탁수유입이 있다. 이러한 환경 문제로, 소양호에서는 식물플랑크톤 일차생산력, 동물플랑크톤 및 식물플랑크톤 장기변동, 용존산소 일주기 변동, 호수 내 유기물 분포 등의 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 가두리 양식장의 철거로 한 가지 요인은 해결되었으나 상류 탁수 유입 문제는 현재까지 진행 중이다. 소양호에서는 매해 여름철 탁수 유입이 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며 부영양화를 초래할 수 있는 주요한 문제이다. 이에 본 연구는 소양호에서의 장기적인 생태계 변동성 연구를 위해 1982년부터 현재까지 월 1-4회 수질 모니터링을 실시 중이며, 수질항목은 SS(Suspended Solids), TN(Total Nitrogen), TP(Total Phosphorus), BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demands), TOC(Total Organic Carbon), Chl-a(Chlorophyll-a)에 대해 분석을 진행하고 있다. 기존 연구에서는 주-월 단위로 모니터링을 실시하여 강우에 의한 탁수 유입, 타 오염원에 의한 오염물질 및 유기물 유입으로 인한 실시간 수질 변동을 파악할 수 없었으며, 이벤트 발생 이후의 경과만 관찰할 수 있는 한계점이 있었다. 그러나 앞으로의 진행될 연구는 고빈도 센서를 이용하여 실시간 짧은 간격으로 모니터링하여 소양호 수질의 일주기 변동 분석과 오염원 유입과 같은 이벤트 발생 전·후 비교 및 실시간 수질변동에 대해 연구하는 것이며, 기존 데이터와 함께 진행될 연구의 데이터를 활용하게 된다면 소양호에서의 장기적인 수질 변화를 분석하는 데 효과적일 것으로 예상된다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.27-27
• /
• 2003

Lake Texoma is located on the border of southern Oklahoma and northern Texas. It has 93,000 surface acres, and is a focus of the recreation, and farming industries in the region. There are potential stressors around the Lake Texoma watershed that may cause adverse ecological effects in the lake. System assimilative capacity (SAC) is the ability of abiotic and biotic processes to atteuniate the stressors. SAC Exceeded indicates potential of occuring adverse eco-effects. A number of representative chemical release sites and stressor sources in the surrounding watershed were characterized, and several impact sites having stressors sources, such as being near agriculture, landfills, housing areas, oil production fields and heavy use recreational activity, were selected for surface water, sediment, and groundwater monitoring. A paired reference site, having similar physical characteristics as its impact site, was also chosen based on its proximity to the impact site. Lake water samples were collected at locations identified as marina entrance, gasoline filling station, and boat dock at five marinas selected on Lake Texoma from September 1999 to December 2001. Paired water and sediment samples were also collected. Groundwater samples were collected at about 70 producing monitoring wells. Water quality parameters measured were inorganics (nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, ammonia, sulfate, and chloride), dissolved methane, total organic carbon (TOC) (or DOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and BTEX, and a suite of metals. Biotic communities were evaluated at impact and reference sites. Five basic components were measured; two terrestirial components (plants and bird comminitires) and three aquatic components (benthic inverbrates, litteral-zone fishes, ecosystem attribures). Potential impacts to these comminites were evaluated.