• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2008

Different types of milk products, such as kwacha golla, mawa, cheese, curd, and chocolate are popular in Bangladesh. However, the microbiological safety of these products is poorly understood. This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality of kwacha golla, a local milk product. Kwacha golla samples were collected from ten different areas of Rajshahi and Kushtia regions, and the quality of the each sample was assessed using various parameters including standard plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, total fungi, and spore-forming bacteria, as well as food-borne microorganisms. Out of 300 samples, total coliform was detected at 56.66% (n= 300), exceeding the minimum allowable limit of 36.66%. Similarly, experiments were carried out with fungi and food-borne pathogens including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Results revealed 85.33, 53, and 49.33% of the samples were contaminated by fungi, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, all samples showed no contaminations of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Therefore, this study could be helpful to the people of Bangladesh by providing information on the possibility of a major health problem caused by the consumption of kwacha golla.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2002

Silkworm diseases are major constraint in silk cocoon production. Among silkworm diseases, white muscar-dine is highly contagious and most common in winter and rainy seasons. It is suggested that hemocytes involve in defense against invasion of Beauveria bassi-ana and systemic fungicide/chemicals prevent the proliferation of fungi in the hemolymph or preventing the growth of the fungi in the body cavity through enhancing the hemocyte mediated defense response. In the present study the influence of systemic fungicide on hematological changes in silkworms infected with Beauveria bassiana was reported. It is observed that the total hemocyte counts increased in the hemolymph up to 5 days post inoculation in systemic fungicide treated batches while in the inoculated control the increase was up to 3 days indicating the positive hemocyte mediated response in silkworm treated with systemic fungicide. After 2 days in the inoculated control as the multiplication and growth of mycelia increased, defense capacity of the silkworm was decreased. The biochemical changes were also observed in the hemolymph of silkworm infected with B. bassiana. In silkworm infected with Beauveria bassi-ana, the total protein content increased whereas total carbohydrate and total lipids decreased as the infection progresses. In the case of systemic fungicide treated batches the increase in total protein content was comparatively higher and decrease in total carbohydrate and lipids were comparatively lower than the inoculated control.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1970

1. Of the 35 various grains, 446 colonies of fungi were isolated. Among the 446 colonies, 423 were possible to identify into 17 genera. 2. Of the 10 bean-pastes, fungi were isolated 193 colonies. It can be identified 11 genera. 3. It will be noted that Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Cladosporium sp. were predominated genera. 4. A total of 155 colonies of Aspergillus sp. isolated from various grains were obtained from the samples. Asp. versicolor was the frequent species and 47 colonies isolated. 5. Penicillium where was isolated from various grains, obtained 115 colonies. Pen. camemberti was the most frequent species. 6. Penicillium palitans was most excellent amylase producing fungi and which was 1ml per 6.300 unit.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

For isolation of antagonistic fungi antagonistic to Phytophthora capsici, a total of 157 isolates of fungi were screened from soil. Among the 157 isolates further screened by the dual culture test on potato dextrose agar and V-8 juice agar, 16 isolates were tested to show their antagonistic activity against P. capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. Fungal cul-ture filtrates of screened 16 isolates were shown to inhibit germination of zoospoorangia of P. capsici entirely and conidia of F. oxysporum considerably. Antagonistic fungi were shown to suppress of P. capsici infection of red-pepper plants maintained in the green house. Four isolates. 27 J5, 37 J10, 36 J13 and 31 K10, with the reduced disease incidence 53.3∼60.0% were identified as Fusarium sp. (27 J5). Trichoderma sp. (37 J10, 36 J13) and Penicillium sp. (31 K10).

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 2014

We investigated the diversity of the foliar endophytes of Korean ginseng. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and field-cultivated ginseng (FCG) at 4 sites in Chungbuk Province. A total of 24 species of fungal endophytes were identified using molecular approaches. Additionally, the diversity of these endophytic fungi was compared between MCG and FCG. The major isolated endophytes were Edenia gomezpompae and Gibberella moniliformis in the MCG and FCG samples, respectively. The results suggest that ginseng endophytes have different community structures in different environments, and this understanding may prove useful in ginseng cultivation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 2009

The wood-rotting fungi of three Korean islands in the Yellow Sea, Soyeonpyung-do (SY), Oeyeon-do (OY), and Gageo-do (GG), were investigated from October 2004 to November 2005. During four sampling trips on each island, a total of 46, 44, and 44 specimens were collected from SY, OY, and GG, respectively. The identified wood-rotting fungi from SY included 29 species of 22 genera and nine families; OY had 31 species of 26 genera and 10 families; and GG had 34 species of 27 genera and 11 families. The majority of the fungi were in the Polyporaceae, which was represented by 23 genera and 30 species. Auricularia polytricha, Daedaleopsis tricolor, Daldinia concentrica, Hymenochaete cinnamomea, Hymenochaete yasudai, Hyphoderma setigerum, Lopharia mirabilis, Schizopora paradoxa, and Trametes versicolor were collected from all three islands.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECM) in roots of Abies koreana which is an endemic and endangered species in Korea. Roots of A. koreana were collected at Mt. Halla. ECM root tips were classified using morphotyping and identified using sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal rDNA. Total 8 species of ECM fungi were identified from roots of 11 seedlings of A. koreana : Cenococum geophilum, Russula brevipes, 2 species of Russula, 2 species of Thelephora, Cortinarius camphorates and 2 species of Helotiales. These species were known to be typical ectomycorrhizal fungi found in coniferous mature forests.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2008

Beef luncheon meat is one of the most popular meals in several countries in the world including Egypt. Thirty one fungal species and 3 species varieties were recovered from 30 samples of beef luncheon meat collected from different supermarkets in Qena. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Emericella, Mucor, Mycosphaerella, Penicillium and Rhizopus were the most common genera on the two types of media. From the above genera, the most prevalent species were Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Emericella nidulans, Mucor racemosus, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Screening of fungi for their abilities to produce lipase enzyme showed that, ten isolates represented 32.26% of total isolates appeared high lipase production, while sixteen isolates (51.61%) were moderate and 5 isolates (16.13%) were low producers. Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Nectria haematococca produced the highest amount of lipase enzyme, so these fungi were used in further studies. The incorporation of five food preservatives (Disodium phosphate, sodium benzoate, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium citrate) individually in the culture medium of lipase production exhibited an inhibitive effect on the mycelial growth and enzyme production by Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Nectria haematococca.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

The objectives of this study are (a) to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of biological agents in sawmill industries and (b) to compare sampling methods of biological agents. The representative processes of 5 sawmills were selected to measure total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage impactor and gelatin filteration methods. Endotoxin was collected with polycarbonate filters and analysed by kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and dust were 1,864 CFU/$m^3$, 2,252 CFU/$m^3$, 31.5 EU/$m^3$ and 2.4 mg/$m^3$. The ratios of indoor/outdoor concentrations were 3.7 for bacteria, 4.1 for fungi, 3.3 for endotoxin and 9.7 for dust. The respiratory fractions of bacteria were 68.0, 50.9, 49.2 and 45.1% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air. The respiratory fractions of fungi were 78.7, 90.8, 87.5 and 84.8% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air, respectively. There was no significant differences in bacterial concentrations among single stage, six stage impaction and filteration methods. But, fungal concentrations measured with filtration methods were significantly higher than those with impaction methods. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were higher than the OSHA guideline values of 1,000 CFU/$m^3$. The respiratory fractions of fungi were above 75%. The concentrations of biological agents were significantly different among culture-based sampling methods. In the exposure assessments of biological agents, further studies are needed for the comparisons of diverse sampling methods and the investigations of environmental factors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2006

Objectives: The aims of this study were to examine the level of airborne fungi and environmental factors in Seoul metropolitan subway stations and to provide fundamental data to protect the health of subway workers and passengers. Methods: The field survey was performed from November in 2004 to February in 2005. A total 22 subway stations located at Seoul subway lines 1-4 were randomly selected. The measurement points were subway workers' activity areas (station office, bedroom, ticket office and driver's seat) and the passengers' activity areas (station precincts, inside train and platform). Air sampling for collecting airborne fungi was carried out using a one-stage cascade impactor. The PM and CO2 were measured using an electronic direct recorder and detecting tube, respectively. Results: In the activity areas of the subway workers and passengers, the mean concentrations of airborne fungi were relatively higher in the workers' bedroom and station precinct whereas the concentration of particulate matter, $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$, were relatively higher in the platform, inside the train and driver's seat than in the other activity areas. There was no significant difference in the concentration of airborne fungi between the underground and ground activity areas of the subway. The mean $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ concentration in the platform located at underground was significantly higher than that of the ground (p<0.05). Conclusions: The levels of airborne fungi in the Seoul subway line 1-4 were not serious enough to cause respiratory disease in subway workers and passengers. This indicates that there is little correlation between airborne fungi and particulate matter.