• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.234-241
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• 2013

Polygalacturonase (PG) gene is a typical gene family present in eukaryotes. Forty-nine PGs were mined from the genomes of Neurospora crassa and five Aspergillus species. The PGs were classified into 3 clades such as clade 1 for rhamno-PGs, clade 2 for exo-PGs and clade 3 for exo- and endo-PGs, which were further grouped into 13 sub-clades based on the polypeptide sequence similarity. In gene structure analysis, a total of 124 introns were present in 44 genes and five genes lacked introns to give an average of 2.5 introns per gene. Intron phase distribution was 64.5% for phase 0, 21.8% for phase 1, and 13.7% for phase 2, respectively. The introns varied in their sequences and their lengths ranged from 20 bp to 424 bp with an average of 65.9 bp, which is approximately half the size of introns in other fungal genes. There were 29 homologous intron blocks and 26 of those were sub-clade specific. Intron losses were counted in 18 introns in which no obvious phase preference for intron loss was observed. Eighteen introns were placed at novel positions, which is considerably higher than those of plant PGs. In an evolutionary sense both intron loss and gain must have taken place for shaping the current PGs in these fungi. Together with the small intron size, low conservation of homologous intron blocks and higher number of novel introns, PGs of fungal species seem to have recently undergone highly dynamic evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop soil conditioner using wood decay fungus. The effect of soil conditioner treated with SJ-28 fungus was tested by lettuce cultivation. Cultivating efficiency was investigated by the yield of lettuce. In the plot of soil conditioner treated with SJ-28 fungus (FPG) showed weight of lettuce leaves 4425 g of total yield which was greater than 2434 g shown in the control. Also the numbers of actinomyces and fungi were increased in the plot of soil conditioner treated with SJ-28 fungus (FPG), beneficial for soil. The number of bacteria showed decrease in FPG plot. FPG showed possibility as a soil conditioner.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.5-15
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the bacteriological examination with a view to detecting the degree of bacterial contamination for the 77 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid specialties. It's test period was 50 days from July 10 to August 30, 1971. Specially, the survey has put emphasis on the population of general bacteria and the identification of coli-form group, staphylococcus species, streptococcus species, bacillus species, fungi, and yeast species from liquid samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows; (1) For the 77 samples tested, the contamination of general bacteria was found out as minimun 0, i,e., maximum, $12{\times}10^4$ and the total average $45{\times}10^2$ per milliliter. (2) Although streptococcus species could not be detected with the samples, the contamination of the coli-form and staphylococcus species means the strong suggestion of the possibility of pathogenic bacterial contamination. (3) Specially, the products which stay in the neutral pH range and use suspending agents need to care for the microbial contamination in the manufacturing crocess. (4) It is thought necessary to perform the microbiological quality control in the liquid preparations only at least. (5) As the microbial contamination degree in the liquid decreases according to the elapse of time, the microbiological quality control will have to be carried out immediately after the completion of the manufacturing process in order to know the accurate degree. (6) The author thinks that the main reason of the microbial contamination in the liquid is the contamination during the manufacturing process. (7) For the purpose of prevention of the microbial contamination in liquid, therefore, it is more important to make efforts for the rationalization of manufacturing process, the improvement of equipment and environment, the specific training of workers for hygienic knowledges, etc. rather than the use of preservatives for the preparations.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.16-27
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the examination with a view to detecting the degree of microbial contamination for the 82 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid preparations. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. Total viable Bacteria(TVB) per ml. in test sample shows min. 0 and Max. $8.0{\times}10^5$. Among the test samples, 2 items of Herb medicines have shown the highest bacterial contamination degree. 2. The number of unsuitable products are 9(11.0%) of the 82 items tested. Comparing with the study of 1971 (18 or 23.4% of 77 items), this fact suggests that the more than 50% decreasing tendency has come from the technical preventive efforts on bacterial contamination. 3. E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could not be detected with the test sample. 4. The number of confirmable mycotic contamination in the test samples has been revealed as 17 items (20.7%). 5. Chiefly, the causative organisms of the contamination are proved to be bacilli and fungi broadly distributed in nature. 6. Generally, the neutrality of the pH had greatly increased the number of products unsuitable on the specification of TVB. pH >7.0 No. of unsuitable items 0/4 (0.0%) pH 6.0-7.0 No. of unsuitable items 4/9 (44.4%) pH 4.0-6.0 No. of unsuitable items 5/45(11.1%) pH <4.0 No. of unsuitable items 0/24(0.0%) 7. The viability of general bacteria has shown a rather decreasing tendency in time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-171
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• 1994

With a view to improving microbiological quality of spinach powder which is currently used for convenience food production, comparative efficacy of ethylene oxide(EO) fumigation and gamma irradiation was investigated by determining microbial populations and physicochemical quality for treated samples. Spinach powder was contaminated with various microorganisms ranging from $10^{2}/g\;to\;10^{4}/g$, which composed of thermophiles, acid tolerant bacteria, fungi, coliforms, etc. Microorganisms contaminated were destroyed up to undetected levels by gamma irradiation at below 7 kGy. showing the radiosensitivity $D_{10}$ 2.93 kGy on total aerobic bacteria. Ethylene oxide fumigation, however. was found unsatisfactory for physicochemical quality as well as microbial decontamination of the sample. It has been generally observed that influence of optimum-dose range of irradiation on the physicochemical qualities was insignificant, which was proved in the organoleptic evaluations on the stored sample.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2013

Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Macrophomina phaseolina were found to be associated with root rott and wilt symptoms of faba bean plants collected from different fieldes in New Valley governorate, Egypt. All the obtained isolates were able to attack faba bean plants (cv. Giza 40) causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases. R. solani isolates 2 and 5, F. solani isolate 8, F. oxysporum isolate 12 and M. phaseolina isolate 14 were the more virulent ones in the pathogenicity tests. Biocontrol agents (Trichoderma viride and Bacillus megaterium) and chemical inducers (salicylic acid [SA] and hydrogen peroxide) individually or in combination were examined for biological control of damping-off and root rot/wilt and growth promoting of faba bean plants in vitro and in vivo. Both antagonistic biocontrol agents and chemical inducers either individually or in combination inhibited growth of the tested pathogenic fungi. Biocontrol agents combined with chemical inducers recorded the highest inhibited growth especially in case SA + T. viride and SA + B. megaterium. Under green house and field conditions, all treatments significantly reduced damping-off and root rot/wilt severity and increased of survival plants. Also, these treatments increased fresh and weights of the survival plants in pots compared with control. The combination between biocontrol agents and chemical inducers were more effective than used of them individually and SA + T. viride was the best treatment in this respect. Also, under field conditions, all these treatments significantly increased growth parameters (plant height and number of branches per plant) and yield components (number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, weight of 100 seeds and total yield per feddan) and protein content in both seasons (2010~2011 and 2011~2012). Faba bean seeds soaked in SA + T. viride and SA + B. megaterium were recorded the highest growth parameters and yield components. Generally, the combination between biocontrol agents and chemical inducers recorded the best results for controlling damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases in greenhouse and field with addition improved plant growth and increased yield components in field.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.207-219
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• 2016

Aspergillus, Penicillium, and their teleomorphic genera have a worldwide distribution and large economic impacts on human life. The names of species in the genera that have been reported in Korea are listed in this study. Fourteen species of Aspergillus, 4 of Eurotium, 8 of Neosartorya, 47 of Penicillium, and 5 of Talaromyces were included in the National List of Species of Korea, Ascomycota in 2015. Based on the taxonomic system of single name nomenclature on ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), Aspergillus and its teleomorphic genera such as Neosartorya, Eurotium, and Emericella were named as Aspergillus and Penicillium, and its teleomorphic genera such as Eupenicillium and Talaromyces were named as Penicillium (subgenera Aspergilloides, Furcatum, and Penicillium) and Talaromyces (subgenus Biverticillium) in this study. In total, 77 species were added and the revised list contains 55 spp. of Aspergillus, 82 of Penicillium, and 18 of Talaromyces.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.24
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• pp.81-98
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• 2003

The biodeterioration on Iksan Mireuksaji pagoda has been studied with fucus on application of K201 as a chemical treatment. Total of 39species, including 10 algae, 16 lichens, 6 mosses and 7 unidentified bacteria and fungi, were collected and identified on the surface of the pagoda. Most of them caused serious discoloration on the surface. The effectiveness and stability of K201 was examined by applying it on some part of the pagoda. A mild spraying of solution diluted to half of original reagent was good enough to eliminate all the deteriorating species on the surface. Most of discoloration disappeared after the treatment except the red color caused by iron substance. The effectiveness of the regent was compared with water wash. The stone was first washed with water and the dirt on the surface was scrubbed off from the surface. The initial surface of the stone was clearer in water wash. However, many of the deteriorating species reappear in 4 weeks after water wash. Although spraying of the reagent K201 could noteliminate all the remnant of dead organisms as good as scrubbing the surface, no deteriorating algae or lichen was observed until two month after treatment. Therefore, spraying method with chemicals seems more stable and reliable way to remove the biodeterioration than physical scrubbing of the surface.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated the quality characteristics of traditional and commercial red pepper pastes (Gochujang) for development of traditional red pepper pastes. Methods: Proximate compositions, amino acid nitrogen contents, salt contents, color, viable bacteria, and inorganic substance contents of 19 traditional and three commercial Gochujang were investigated. Results: Analysis of proximate compositions showed huge differences between the samples. For moisture content, six kinds of traditional Gochujang did not meet the standard of the food codex. Contents of moisture, fat, and protein were significantly higher in traditional than commercial Gochujang. However, carbohydrate content was higher in commercial than traditional Gochujang, and thus calories were also higher. The amino nitrogen contents of the three kinds of traditional Gochujang did not meet the standard of the food codex. Salt contents and color were not significantly different between traditional and commercial Gochujang. In the microbiological analysis, total bacteria counts were higher in traditional than commercial Gochujang. The number of B. cereus did not exceed the standard of the food codex in all samples. S. aureus and fungi were not detected in any samples. In the inorganic substance analysis, inorganic substances contents in Gochujang were in the order of Na, K, Mg, and Ca. Overall, Na, K, Mg, and Ca were more abundant in traditional than commercial Gochujang. However, due to wide variations in inorganic substance contents of traditional Gochujang, there were no significant differences between traditional and commercial Gochujang. Conclusion: For the development of traditional Gochujang, quality standardization is considered necessary.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2000

To investigate the variations of physicochemical factors and microbial populations in seven stations at water region of Gangjin bay, nutritive salts, water temperature, transparency, suspended solid, salinity, COD, DO, pH, heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and fecal coliform were analysed four times from February to October, 1999. Total fecal coliform and heterotrophic bacterial population during investigation periods ranged 16.1~166.0 CFU/ml and $5.0{\times}10^3$~$13.1{\times}10^3$CFU/ml, respectively. Stational mean values of these bacterial population showed higher densities at the inlet of fresh water inflow than those of other stations. When the aspects of abiotic and biotic parameters measured were analyzed, ecosystem of Gangjin bay was regulated by factors such as inflow of fresh water, nutrient salts, salinity and variation of water temperature during four seasons.