• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2016

본 연구는 통영연안의 오염 현황을 파악하기 위하여 표층퇴적물의 유기물 분포 특성, 미량금속의 공간적인 분포 특성과 오염도 및 생태계 위해성평가를 하였다. 총질소(Total nitrogen, TN), 총유기탄소(Total organic carbon, TOC)와 산 휘발성 황화물(Acid volatile sulfide, AVS)은 협수로에 위치한 정점 35-38에서 높은 농도를 나타내었다. Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Hg, Zn의 공간적 분포양상은 유사하였으며, 이와 달리 Cu는 협수로에서 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 미량금속 원소의 오염도를 농축계수(Enrichment Factor, EF)로 평가한 결과, Cd이 모든 정점에서 오염되지 않은 상태(No enrichment), Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Hg이 약간 오염상태(Minor enrichment), Cu가 약간~중간 오염상태(minor-moderate enrichment)의 오염도를 나타냈다. 미량금속에 의한 생태위해성 수준은 오비도와 미륵도 사이의 협수로 정점에서 국지적으로 생태계에 잠재적 위해성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 2014년 03월에 인천 H항의 5개 정점(S1~S5)에서 채취된 표층 퇴적물의 물리화학적 특성을 조사하고, COD, AVS, IL 및 중금속(Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, Hg)을 분석하여 오염도를 평가하였다. 입도분석, 비표면적분석, XRD 및 XRF 분석을 통하여 채취된 퇴적물 시료 모두 거의 동일한 산화물과 광물로 구성되었음을 확인하였다. 국내기준으로 COD, AVS 및 IL 세 항목의 총점에 대한 오염도는 S2, S3, S5 지점은 2등급으로 S1, S4 지점은 3등급으로 평가되었다. 중금속 오염의 경우 Cd, Ni, Pb은 USEPA 기준으로 중간오염에 해당하였고, Cu, Zn 및 Cr은 심한오염으로 분류되었다. 농집지수를 이용한 오염도 평가결과 Cd가 Class 3으로 평가되었고, 농축계수를 이용한 평가결과 모든 지점에서 Cd, Pb, Zn의 경우 1보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 총농축계수는 S4지점이 3.1로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to characterize the behavior and sources of particulate trace metal in Daegu city. TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter) was collected by filters on High Volume Air Sampler from the four areal (reference, residential, commercial, industrial area). The moult were analyzed by AAS after preliminary treatment. The average centration trend of trace metals contained in TSP was shown as follows : Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd. The trace metals showed the highest concentration in the industrial area. This study showed the seasonal variation of trace metals. Fe and Mn showed high concentration in spring, whereas Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb showed high concentration in winter. Also this study showed the regional variation of trace metals. The order of the average concentration of trace metals was : industrial > commercial > residential > reference area. Using Mn as a reference element, the enrichment factor analysis were used for identifying the trace element contributors. The enrichment factors of Cr, Fe < 10 were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Pb, Cd, Cu >>10 were enriched and had a significant fraction which was contributed by anthropogenic sources.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

Dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 6 sampling sites in Pusan area from March, 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal distribution. Dustfall amount of regional variations were found in order of coastal zone, industrial zone, commercial zone, agricultural zone and residential zone, and seasonal total dustfall had higher concentrations during spring for 6.741 ton/${km}^2$/season, lower concentrations during summer for 1.989 ton/${km}^2$/season, and annual total concentration was 17.742 ton/${km}^2$/year. The regional distributions of enrichment factor show well-defined anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) at industrial and agricultural zone, and contribution rate of soil particles were found in order of summer, fall, winter and spring. Factor loading effects of chemical composition of dustfall were found in order of road traffic emission source and combustion processed source, industrial activity source, soil source and marine source.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.469-476
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• 2000

This study was performed to understand the behavior and source characteristics of particulate trace metals in Daegu area. To do this, total of 84 samples had been collected from January to December 1999. TSP (total suspended particulate matter) and PM-10(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) were collected by filters on portable air sampler, and in TSP and PM-10 were analyzed by ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer) after preliminary treatment. The results were follow as: first, annul means of TSP and PM-10 concentration were 123 and 69$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎤ respectively. The concentration of TSP adn PM-10 were highest in winter season compared to other seasons. Second, the concentration of Al, Fe, Mn were higher in TSP than in PM-10, indicating that these metals are generally associate with natural contributions. Third, a hierarchical clustering technique was used to group 9 metals. The results from the cluster analysis of TSP and PM-10 shows a similar clustering pattern : Fe, Al in a group and the rest of the metals such as Ni, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn in the other group. One group of metal such as Fe, Al is associated with natural sources such as soil and dust. The other is closely related to urban anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion, incineration, and refuse burning, Finally, using Al as a reference element, enrichment factors were used for identifying the major particulate contributors. The enrichment factors of Al. Fe<10 (standard value of enrichment factor) were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Ni, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn》10 is enriched and has a significant which is contributed by athropogenic sources.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1999

Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols was measured at 4 sites in Pusan. All the samples were collected with a high volume air sampler from January to October 1996, to analyze major ions and heavy metals. Dominant ions of aerosols were S $O_4$$^{2-}$ in anion and N $a^{+}$ in cation. Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions in aerosols showed high enrichment factor to soil and seawater composition. The concentrations of heavy metals in aerosols was lowest at the site PI near the coast. The lowest concentrations of major ions and heavy metals mainly appeared in August, probably due to scavenging by frequent rains. Especially, the concentrations of total suspended particulate matter(TSP) and heavy metals in aerosols showed good correlations in Pusan. Based on crustal Al, enrichment factors for some metals(Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in aerosols were significantly greater than unity, and the order was Cd ＞ Pb ＞ Zn ＞ Cu. This evidence suggests that Cd and Pb are derived predominantly from non-crustal sources.s.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.455-468
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to understand the time series and origin of a chemical component and to compare the difference during yellow sand episodes for analysis $PM_{10}$ chemical components in the region of west in Korean Peninsula, 1999-2001. An annual mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ is $29.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$. A monthly mean and standard deviation of $PM_{10}$ concentration are very high in spring but there is no remarkably seasonal variation. Also, water soluble ionic component of $PM_{10}$ be influenced by double more total anion than total cation, be included $NO_{3}^-\;and\;SO_{4}^{2-}$ for the source of acidity and $NH_{4}^+$ to neutralize. Tracer metals of $PM_{10}$ slowly increases caused by emitted for soil and ocean (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Na) and Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn for anthropogenic source. According to method of enrichment factor (E.F) and statistics, assuming that the origin of metal component in $PM_{10}$ most of element in the Earth's crust e.g. Mg, Ca, Fe originates soil and Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb derives from anthropogenic sources. The ionic component for $Na^{+}\;Cl^-,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ and Mg, Al, Ca, Fe originated by soil component largely increase during yellow sand period and then tracer metal component as Pb, Cd, Zn decrease. According to factor analysis, the first group is ionic component ($Na^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$) and metal component (Na, Fe, Mn and Ni) be influenced by soil. The second group, Mg, Cr also be influenced by soil particle.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1782-1786
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• 2008

천안시 대기 입자 중 원소 성분의 분포 특성을 파악하기 위해, Cascade Impactor를 장착한 High Volume Air Sampler를 이용하여 대기 입자를 미세입자와 조대입자로 나누어 채취한 후, ICP를 이용하여 16개 원소의 농도를 측정하였다. 측정된 미세입자와 조대입자의 총 질량농도는 각각 평균 33.23, $20.66{\mu}g/m3$ 이었으며, 이 중 총 원소농도는 각각 1.27, $1.71{\mu}g/m3$으로, 전체 질량의 3.8%와 8.3%를 차지하여 조대입자에 원소성분이 상대적으로 많이 분포함을 나타냈다. 미세입자와 조대입자 모두 Fe, Al, Ti이 가장 높은 농도를 나나내는 원소였으며 Pb는 총 농도가 84.55ng/m3으로 국내 기준치를 만족하였다. Al을 기준원소로 분석한 Sc, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sn, Pb의 농축계수가 미세입자에서 1,000이상을 나타냈는데, 이는 천안시 미세입자에 포함된 원소 성분의 주요 배출원이 인위적 배출원임을 시사한다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.9-25
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• 2020

가로림만 퇴적물에서 미량금속의 인위적인 영향을 평가하기 위하여 2010년과 2015년 총 77개의 표층 퇴적물 시료를 채취하여 물리적 특성 요소(입도 및 비표면적)와 지화학적 요소(주성분(Al, Ca, Fe, K, Ba) 및 미량금속(Mn, Cs, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb), 유기탄소 및 탄산칼슘)들을 분석하였다. 가로림만 표층 퇴적물의 평균 입도는 0.51-5.58 Ø(평균 3.98 Ø) 범위였으며 외만에서부터 내만으로 증가하였고, 수로에서 육지 방향으로 증가하였다. 일부 원소를 제외한 대부분의 금속 농도는 입자의 크기가 작아지고 비표면적이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 미량금속의 농도를 조절하는 요인을 추정하기 위하여 요인분석(factor analysis)을 실시하여, 총 3개의 요인을 추출(총 변이의 92.7%) 하였다. 요인 1은 총 변이의 71.3%를 설명하였는데 입도 요인이었고, 요인 2는 총 변이의 14.2%를, 요인 3에서는 총 변이의 7.2%를 설명하였다. 배경농도를 이용하여 농축인자를 계산하였다. 농축인자가 1.5 이상인 금속과 그 시료 수는 Cr 4개(정점 1, 16, 27, 39)와 Pb 1개(정점 39)였으나 이 들 금속에 대한 용출 금속 농도에서는 타 시료와 차이가 없었다. 가로림만의 총 금속 농도에 대한 1M HCl 용출 금속 농도의 백분율은 Pb~Co>Cu>Zn~Mn>Ni>Cr 순서로 감소하였으며 Pb은 입도에 따른 변화를 보였으나 다른 금속들은 모래를 제외하면 매우 일정한 값을 보였다. 이 값을 오염된 지역 및 청정 해역과 비교하면 모든 지역에서 Cu, Zn 및 Pb의 농도 수준과 관련없이 금속별 백분율이 유사하였다. 이는 1M HCl 용액과 퇴적물 구성 성분 사이의 반응 여부에 따른 결과라고 판단되고, 농축 정도를 판단하는데 이 용출 비율을 사용하는 것은 한계가 있음을 나타낸다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.409-412
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• 2003

Total extraction of stream sediments in the Kwangyang mine area shows their significant pollution with most trace metals such as Cr, Co, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd, due to sulfide oxidation in waste dumps. Calculations of enrichment factor shows that Chonam-ri creek sediments are more severely contaminated than Sagok-ri sediments. Using the weak acid (0.1N HCl) extraction and sequential extraction techniques, the transport and sediment-water partitioning of heavy metals in mine drainage were examined for contaminated sediments in the Chonam-ri and Sagok-ri creeks of the Kwangyang Au-Ag mine area. Calculated distribution coefficient (Kd) generally decreases in the order of Pb $\geq$Al > Cu > Mn > Zn > Co > Ni $\geq$ Cd. Sequential extraction of Chonam-ri creek sediments shows that among non-residual fractions the Fe-Mn oxide fraction is most abundant for most of the metals. This indicates that precipitation of Fe hydroxides plays an important role in regulating heavy metal concentrations in water, as shown by field observations.