• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.695-703
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• 2011

Objective: This study was to investigate the effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures on the subjective discomfort rating, heart rate, and muscle activities. Background: Although generally many checklists such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA were applied to evaluate various body postures, the body postures were might be overestimated or underestimated because each body part(i.e., back, shoulder, and elbow etc.) was evaluated separately, and then added all rates of individual body parts to assess an overall risk level for the body posture in these methodologies. Methods: A total of 20 participants maintained 14 postures which were combinations of back, shoulder, and elbow flexion angles and then muscle activities, subjective discomfort, and heart rates were collected every three minute during a sustained 15 minute and 0.5kg weight holding task. Four muscle groups were investigated: erector spine, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, triceps brachii. Results: Results showed that subjective discomfort was the lowest when the angle of back and shoulder were both $0^{\circ}s$, while the body posture with $45^{\circ}$ of back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder angle was rated as the most subjective discomfort posture. In general, the subjective discomfort ratings increased as back and shoulder flexion angles increased. It was noted that, however, the subjective discomfort of body posture with a $45^{\circ}$ back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle was lower than that of body posture with a $0^{\circ}$ back and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle. The research findings of heart rates and muscle activities showed similar results for the analyses of subjective discomfort ratings. Conclusions: The possible limitations of the current ergonomics evaluation techniques which assessing a body posture with summing all body part score after individually analyzed in this study. Based on the analyses of subjective discomfort, heart rate, and muscle activities, it was recommended that a use of effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures would be considered when one evaluates work-load for various working postures. Application: These findings can be used for developing a more accurate assessment checklist for working posture as well as preventing musculoskeletal disorders of workers in workplaces.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2014

Objectives: In this study, perception of body image, eating attitudes and weight control were examined by the degree of obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods: Out of 420 questionnaires distributed to the female middle school students (aged 12-16 years), 407 were returned (97% response rate) and 395 were analyzed (94% analysis rate). Female students were divided into two groups based on the BMI percentile using the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. (1) normal weight ($5^{th}$ percentile ${\leq}$ BMI < $85^{th}$ percentile) (2) obese ($85^{th}$ percentile ${\leq}$ BMI) by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Satisfaction of self-body shape, risk of disturbed eating attitudes (Eating Attitude Test : EAT-26), and weight control behaviors were examined. Results: Distribution of the subjects by BMI was 74.5% of normal and 25.5% of obese. There were significant differences between self-perceived current body image and self-perceived ideal body image. The dissatisfaction of body image was higher in obese than in normal groups (p<0.001). 51.4% of female students were unsatisfied with their body image, while 2.6% were very satisfied. Among the students unsatisfied with their body image, 150 (52.1%) were of normal weight and 48 (49.4%) were obese. EAT-26 total scores were significantly higher in the obese group ($16.42{\pm}8.23$) compared with normal group ($13.72{\pm}8.10$) (p<0.01). Attempted to weight control were significantly different by the BMI (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study concludes that there was desire to become thinner than current status in female students, even those with normal BMI. Many female students were dissatisfied with their body image and attempted to lose weight. It is harmful to their health and nutritional status if they choose undesirable methods. These findings suggested that there are needs to encourage female students for maintaining healthy weight. A higher score of EAT-26 was associated with dissatisfaction of selfbody image and this may lead to unhealthy behaviors in obese female students.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.118-125
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• 2018

Purpose: The pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. However, studies on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are rare. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on VLBW infants. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated singleton VLBW infants born at the CHA Gangnam Medical Center from 2006 to 2016. The neonates were classified into three groups according to the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight (<$18.5kg/m^2$), normal weight (${\geq}18.5$ to <$23kg/m^2$), and overweight or obese (${\geq}23kg/m^2$). Clinical characteristics and morbidities of mothers and infants were analyzed. Results: A total of 181 infants belonging to underweight (16.6%), normal weight (58.6%), and overweight or obese (24.8%) groups were enrolled. The pre-pregnancy BMI had a significant negative correlation with gestational age (r=-0.198, P=0.001) and a significant positive correlation with the z-score of the birth weight (r=0.078, P=0.001) and body length (r=0.067, P=0.008). The number of extremely preterm infants was significantly higher in the overweight or obese group. The proportion of risk of small for gestational age infants was higher in the underweight group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.958; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.113 to 7.864), whereas that of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity was higher in the overweight or obese group (adjusted OR, 9.546; 95% CI, 1.230 to 74.109). Conclusion: In our population of VLBW infants, the pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with gestational age, intrauterine growth, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Therefore, proper weight control before pregnancy is important.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2006

Background: Balloon kyphoplasty is the new technique that helps to decrease the pain and improve mobility as well as restore the vertebral body height and kyphotic curve in fractured vertebrae. We evaluated the outcome of balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral body height, kyphotic curve and clinical improvement in the patients with painful vertebral compression fractures. Methods: From July 2002 to February 2005, 84 levels of vertebral compression fractures in 66 patients were treated with balloon kyphoplasty. The assessment criteria were the changes over time in visual analogue scale (VAS) and mobility score. We evaluated the vertebral body height and kyphotic curve at preoperative 1 day and postoperative 1 day. Results: Procedures were performed in 66 patients with a total of 84 affected vertebral bodies. The anterior wall height was restored in 74 / 84 (88%) levels with a mean increment of 2.9 mm, and the mid-vertebral body height was restored in 79 / 84 (94%) levels with a mean increment of 4.2 mm. Kyphosis correction was achieved in 60 / 84 (71.4%) from 10.1 degrees to 7.5 degrees. Pain intensity reduced by 60% in one day after operation and by 75-85% in later time. Mobility scores of all patients were improved immediately after the procedure. Cement leakage occurred in 3 levels but there was no clinical problem. Conclusions: Kyphoplasty is an efficient and safe treatment of painful vertebral compression fracture in pain relief, mobility improvement, and reduction of deformity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.262-275
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence-based customized nutritional interventions are required for effective treatment of moderate to severe obese children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty six (64.1% of 103) of the eligible participants who joined the usual care or physical activity group in the clinic were involved in 16-week intervention. Customized nutritional intervention was implemented for each participant based on a nutrition care process (NCP) model. Sociodemographic assessment, anthropometrics data, health- and dietary-related behaviors, and dietary intake of the study subjects were assessed at baseline and follow-up. All participants engaged in 30-minute nutritional sessions on a monthly basis. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, there were significant improvements in body composition [BMI (-0.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.05), BMI z-score (-0.3 ± 0.2, P < 0.001), body fat (kg) (-1.3 ± 2.1, P < 0.05), and body fat (%)(-1.5 ± 1.9, P < 0.05)] as well as macronutrient intake [total energy intake (kcal) (-563.7 ± 656.8, P < 0.05), energy (%) (-26.5 ± 30.0, P < 0.05) and fat (g) (-28.3 ± 40.6, P < 0.05)] in the adherent group than the non-adherent group. The SOC was higher in both groups after the intervention (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the positive effects of an evidence-based approach as a multidisciplinary intervention for people-centered nutritional care and weight management.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.481-491
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to find out how important providing nutrition education to young students is. The study is based on the assumption that students' food behavior, nutrition knowledge and cognition of body image, weight control and nutrition education are considerably influenced by gender. A total of 495 students (249 boy and 246 girl students) were surveyed in one middle school located Siheungsi, Gyeonggido. The average height and weight of the boy and girl students are 164.6 cm, 54.4 kg and l58.5cm, 47kg, respectively. According to average BMI, the boy students($20.0kg/m^2$) are in the normal state. However, the girl students($18.2kg/m^2$) are underweight. For the status of meal intake, 52.4% of the students took breakfast everyday. Female students had dinner with lower intake frequency than males(p<0.05). For snack intake, the kinds of snack differ according to gender(p<0.05); more milk for male and more fruit for female students. The scores of dietary behavior based on Mini Dietary Assessment were 21.5/30 for male and 21.3/30 for female students. The nutrition knowledge scores of 4.6/10 for male and 4.6/10 for female students were not significantly different according to gender. The score of dietary behavior is based on Mini Dietary Assessment. The survey shows that in terms of the experience of weight control, 35.5% of the girl students have made an effort to watch their weight and 21.8% of the boy students have tried controlling their weight(p<0.0001). It turns out that the students who have been provided nutrition education are more satisfied with their body shape than those who have never been provided nutrition education(p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.156-162
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and correlation of anthropometric data, eating behaviors, and nutrient intake on the bone mineral density(BMD) of female college students. 349 female college students were surveyed and their age, height, and weight were an average of 20.5 years, 163.2 cm and 54.0 kg, respectively. Their average BMI was 20.2, with 66% falling in the normal range, 21.8% classified as underweight, 8.0% as overweight, and obese individuals comprised 3.4% of the sample by BMI classification. Calcaneal BMD was measured and the average T-score was 0.117. The results of BMD measurements were normal in 268 people(76.8%), osteopenia was found in 71 individuals(20.3%), and osteoporosis in 10(2.9%), respectively. There was a significant difference in bone mineral density according to height(p<0.05) and BMI (p<0.01). There were significant differences between BMD and eating behavior, regularity of eating behaviors(p<0.05), instant food intake(p<0.05), eating out(p<0.05) and nutritional supplement intake(p<0.05). In addition, normal the group with normal BMD had a more desirable eating behavior compared to the osteopenia and osteoporosis afflicted groups. BMD had a significant difference according to the nutrient intake of calcium(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). In conclusion, BMD showed a good correlation with height(p<0.01), BMI(p<0.01), body composition including total body water(p<0.05), FFM(p<0.05), body protein(p<0.05) and intake of calcium(p<0.05), iron(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). Therefore, an education plan and training on balanced diets proper body weight control, and desirable eating behaviors for female college students will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.395-403
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the dietary behaviors with 510 high school students (260 males and 250 females) residing in Seoul. The average age of male and female students were 16.3 and 16.4 years old, respectively. Mean height and weight of male students were 174.1 cm and 65.9 kg and those of female students were 161.6 cm and 52.5 kg. The body mass index (BMI) of male and female students were $21.7\;kg/m^2$ and $20.1\;kg/m^2$, respectively, which were within the normal range. Students skipped breakfast more than once a week were 41.1% of males and 44.4% of females. More than 40% of the male and female students skipped breakfast frequently. The mean mini dietary assessment index score of male and female students were 30.6 and 29.6 out of total 50 index scores, respectively. Female students perceived significantly less healthy and fatter than male students. Furthermore, body image satisfaction of the female students was lower than that of male students. Female students were more significantly concerned with body image and desired a thin body shape. Only 22.7% of male students and 6.4% of female students exercised regularly, and the frequency, time, and intensity of exercise in the male students were significantly higher than those of female students.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 1973

The purpose of this project is offering fundamental and proper informations for the better health control and personnel management of the enlisted men of Marine corps in Korea. Survey has been done under 1,001 marine enlisted men for the purpose of understanding their condition of physique, vital capacity, and bodily strength. 1. Under the subject of physique, 7 items, body weight, chest-girth, relative body weight, relative chest-girth, Vervaeck index, and Roehrer index are listed, and under the subject of vital capacity, BTPS vital capacity and percent predicted vital capacity are listed, and under the subject of bodily strength, 7 items, grasping power, chinning-up, throwing a hanp-grenade, forward jumping, sitting-up, 100 meter sprinting, are listed. The total items are 16 and mean score of each one is as follow. 1)Physique : a. Height : $$168{\pm}0.15cm$$ b. Body weight : $$62.7{\pm}0.17kg$$ c. Chest-girth : $$91.4{\pm}0.16cm$$ d. Relative body weight : $$37.2{\pm}0.09$$ e. Relative chest-girth : $$54.3{\pm}0.10$$ f. Vervaeck index : $$91.6{\pm}0.15$$ g. Roehrer index : $$1.31{\pm}0.003$$ 2) Vital capacity : a. BTPS vital capacity : $$4470{\pm}20cc$$ b. % Predicted vital capacity : $$150{\pm}5.1%$$ 3) Bodily strength : a. Grasping power : $$41.4{\pm}0.26kg$$ b. Chinning-up : $$5.7{\pm}0.10$$ c. Throwing a hand-grenade : $$39.7{\pm}0.20m$$ d. Forward jumping : $$214{\pm}0.58cm$$ e. Sitting-up : $$19.1{\pm}0.25$$ f. Pushing-up : $$22.1{\pm}0.18$$ g. 100 meter sprinting : $$16.1{\pm}0.04sec$$. 2. Comparative analysis has been done about the conditional classes of marine enlisted men with the results of above mentioned 16 items. 7 classes according to the branches, 3 according to the ranks, 9 according to tile length of service are adopted respectively.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2021

Background Pain in the postoperative body contouring patient has traditionally been managed with narcotic medication. In an effort to minimize side effects and prevent addiction, plastic surgeons are searching for novel ways to provide adequate analgesia, one of which is nerve blocks. This study was conducted with a meta-analysis that evaluates the efficacy of these blocks for patients who undergo breast surgery. Methods A search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles including the terms "post-operative analgesia" OR "postoperative pain management" AND "in plastic surgery" OR "in cosmetic surgery" OR "in elective surgery" in February 2019 generated five studies on elective breast augmentation and reduction mammoplasty that reported pain scores and quantities of opioids consumed. Independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and a random effects model were implemented for evaluation. Results A total of 317 patients were identified as having undergone body contouring of the breast, about half of which received a nerve block. Pain scores on a 1-10 scale and opioid dose-equivalents were calculated. Those who were blocked had an average score of 2.40 compared to 3.64 for those who did not (P<0.001), and required an average of 5.20 less narcotic doses (P<0.001). Pain relief following subpectoral augmentation was best achieved with type-II blocks as opposed to type-I and type-II with serratus plane (P<0.001). Conclusions The opioid epidemic has extended to all surgical specialties. Implementation of a nerve block seems to be an efficacious and cost-effective mechanism to not only help with post-operative pain, but also lower the need for narcotics, especially in subpectoral augmentation.