• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

Total body irradiation use one of the pre-treatment as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of leukemia. According to the study of Korean network for organ sharing 2013 report, continue to increase the number of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. however, the current dose evaluation fall short before treatment. So purpose of this study is Surface dose and deep organ dose evaluation and then find the most ideal conditions when change of the thickness on tissue compensator in TBI. Result, surface dose in 4 MV, SSD 280 cm, compensators thickness 0.5 cm, was measured the highest dose 5.84 mGy/min. And the ideal dose showed when compensator thickness less than 1 cm.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

Purpose: The present study was to investigate the effect of music therapy on anxiety, nausea, and vomiting in patients undergoing total body irradiation (TBI) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Method: A untreated control group with pretest and posttest was used in this study. A total of 35 patients receiving TBI for HSCT were recruited from a medical center at a university in Korea. The music therapy taking for 15-20 minutes per a time was performed twice a day for three days while the patients in the experimental group were undergoing the TBI. Results: The scores of state anxiety, nausea and vomiting tended to increase in the control group as compare with those in the experimental group. The patients in the control group had been administerd antiemetics more often than those in the experimental group. The levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the pulse rates in the experimental group tended to decrease after the experiment. However, there was no statistically significant differences in anxiety, nausea, vomiting, blood pressure, and pulse between the groups. Conclusion: It is suggested to repeat this study with a enough sample size.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.538-547
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• 2010

Purpose : This study aims to compare the outcome of total body irradiation (TBI)- or non-TBI-containing conditioning regimens for leukemia in children. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated 77 children conditioned with TBI (n=40) or non-TBI (n=37) regimens, transplanted at Chonnam National University Hospital between January 1996 and December 2007. The type of transplantation, disease status at the time of transplant, conditioning regimen, engraftment kinetics, development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), complications, cause of deaths, overall survival (OS), and event-free survival (EFS) were compared between the 2 groups. Results : Among 34 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 28 (82.4%) were in the TBI group, while 72.7% (24/33) of patients with myeloid leukemia were in the non-TBI group. Although the 5-year EFS of the 2 groups was similar for all patients (62% vs 63%), the TBI group showed a better 5-year EFS than the non-TBI group when only ALL patients were analyzed (65% vs 17%; $P$=0.005). In acute myelogenous leukemia patients, the non-TBI group had better survival tendency (73% vs 38%; $P$=0.089). The incidence of GVHD, engraftment, survival, cause of death, and late complications was not different between the 2 groups. Conclusion : The TBI and non-TBI groups showed comparable results, but the TBI group showed a significantly higher 5-year EFS than the non-TBI group in ALL patients. Further prospective, randomized controlled studies involving larger number of patients are needed to assess the late-onset complications and to compare the socioeconomic quality of life.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

Along with the wide use of radiotherapy in cancer treatment, there is growing interest in beneficial effect of low-dose irradiation (LDI) in cancer therapy. Therefore, we investigate how LDI affects immune responses in mice model. Total body irradiation (TBI) on C57BL/6 mice was given at low-dose rate of $1mGy{\cdot}min^{-1}$ using $^{137}Cs$ source at three times for consecutive three days. Hematological examination, total cell numbers of spleen, populations and characteristics of splenocytes were determined. Total numbers of RBC or platelet in irradiated mice showed no significant changes. WBC counts were decreased in a dose-dependent manner 2 days after TBI, however, these differences are gradually waned until 28 days. Dose-dependent decrease in the number of splenocytes of TBI mice at day 2 was also improved as time progressed. While the level of Foxp3 mRNA was decreased, the frequency of $CD4^+$ T cells and $CD69^+$ cells in spleen was increased at day 2 and 14. Fractionated low-dose TBI on mice exhibited normal body weight with no distinguishable behavior during whole experimental periods. These results suggest that some parameters of immune system could be altered and evaluated by fractionated low-dose TBI and be used to broaden boundary of low dose radiation research.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 1996

Total Body Irradiation(TBI) is one of the essential treatment modalities in bone marrow transplantation for leukemia and lymphoma. Various techniques and dose regimens were introduced with sevelal advantages and disadvantages. In TBI, lung block could reduce lung dose to 75％ of original beam for decreasing lung dose with homogenous total body irradiation. Accurate provision for specified dose and the desired homogeneity are essential before clinical total body irradiation. When performed in total body irradiation, the problem obtain uniform dose distribution in brain, neck, lung, umbilicus, pelvis and leg. Authors compared to dose distribution with method 1 and method 2. The method 1 used compensating filters for homogeneous dose distribution(Minesota University Method). The method 2 used fixing frame made in aeryl developing authors. Results were following. 1. Method 1 was showed dose distribution from 95.6％ to 100％, method 2 showed dose distribution from 95.4％ to 100％. 2. Method 2 was showed different to 3.4％ at skin region and midline in the brain. In the neck, showed different to 1.5％. In the umbilicus. showed different to 2.3％.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-154
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• 1990

The acute effects of variable dos rates to total body irradiation (TBI) were investigaed with 600 cGy of single exposure in the mice as a preclinical model. Total 80 mice (ICR) were used. Twenty of which sewed as controls, receiving no irradiation. All irradiated mice showed a universal decline in their weight and white blood cell count. The degree of weight loss and leukopenia were similar at 3 different dos rate but slightly prominent with 15 cGy/minute group. The degree of recovery among the groups showed no dose rate dependence. Our results suggest that TBI with 15 cGy/mimute may be applicable for clinical therapy with careful evaluation of patient's condition.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2001

We have discussed that the total body irradiation(TBI) dose distribution of 6 and 10 MV photon beams, also differences between calculation dose use of compensator sheet and measurements in humanoid phantom. Total body irradiation and hemi-body irradiation(HBI) can be effectively performed when uniformity of dose distribution is estabilished. The method of TBI and HBI dosimatry requires special considerations related to technique, long distance and very large field, machine parameter, patient positioning. TBI and HBI with megavoltage photon beams requires basic dosimatric data which have to be measured directly or derived from the standard beam data. The semiconductor detector and ion chamber were positioned at a dmax depth, mid depth, and its specific ratio was determined using a scanning data by RFA-7 3-dimensional water phantom and solid phantom. The effective source axis distance 380 cm, the field size from 120 cm to 152 cm, isodose distributions were analyzed as a function of the thickness in phantom. Also, have discussed that the measurement of basic data for clinical photon beams for dosage calculations, data calculation sheet and the use of tissue compensation to improve dose uniformity. We have improved a dose uniformity in the TBI and HBI method.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.544-550
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• 2001

In pre-transplant total-body irradiation (TBI), the lung is a critical dose-limiting organ. Also, the possible role of oxidative stress was suggested in the development of TBI-induced lung damage. This study explores the association between TBI-induced oxidative stress and the induction of lung pathogenesis by investigating TBI-induced oxidative stress in the lungs of male C57BL/6 mice after a single dose of 10 Gy TBI. We showed significant increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation, and also a depletion and oxidation of glutathione after TBI. There is evidence that pretreatment with 1,10-phenanthroline (o-phen) significantly reduces oxidative stress in the lung. This indicates that the TBI-induced ROS generation involves a metal-catalyzed Fenton-type reaction. A pretreatment of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) augmented the glutathione depletion and oxidation, but had no effect on the ROS formation and lipid peroxidation up to 6 h after TBI. Histopathological features that are consistent with pneumonitis were observed in the BSO pretreated-mice 1 week after irradiation. The results suggest that TBI-induced oxidative stress in the lung involves a generation of ROS through a Fenton-type reaction. Also, glutathione plays an important inhibitory role in the radiation-induced lung pathogenesis by participating in the self-amplifying cascade subsequent to the ROS generation by irradiation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1999

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is relatively rare ouuring as one of important autoimmune disease to affect neuromuscular junction. This study was clinically to evaluate total body irradiation (TBI) against two patients including 33-year and 39-year females for chronic MG with thymoma who hospitalized in the St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University since 1994 as well as who showed no response by thymectomy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. TBI designed by the dose of 150$\~$180 cGy consisting of 10 cGy per fraction, three times a week, for 5~e weeks using linear accelerator of 6 MV. During the treatment of TBI, they did complain acute side effect such as vomiting and also appear improved physical condition from 4$\~$6 weeks after TBI. Through the follow-up period of 18 or 42 months after TBI, they did not have any symptomatic recurrence. Consequently, the results suggest that TBI can be used as an alternative tool for the patients concurrently for MG with thymoma who had been refractory to various conventional therapies like thymectomy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.114-119
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• 2002

A immobilizing device that is essential for correct lung and lens shielding with homogenous dose distribution in fractionated total body irradiation was developed and it's efficiency was evaluated. The main frame was made of stainless steel bar (5 cm in diameter) to withstand up to 230 cm in height and 100 kg in weight to prevent any injury even in unconsciousness condition. The saddle was designed to adjust the body weight and hight of standing patients. Chest and back supporter were made of 1 cm acryl which could fix the lung block and cassette holder. Leather and sponge pedding were used for head rest to keep patients comfortable. The device was strongly fixed by specially designed bolts on the bottom panel which was made of 1 cm stainless steel and 10 cm thick wooden board. Precise manipulation ($\pm$2 mm) was possible by upper two pulleys and side handles. Average four minutes twenty five seconds were needed for exact setting in fractionated TBI. No significant difference of lung block location on repeated verification films was confirmed and relatively homogeneous dose distribution was measured in rando phantom experiments and patient treatments ($\pm$5%). This immobilizing device was very efficient to keep correct position of patients, which is essential for better result and less complication in fractionated TBI.