• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the net flux response of nitrogen compounds (alpha-amino N, ammonia N, urea N, essential amino acids) across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues of mature wethers to increasing level of dietary fishmeal (FM) supplementation. Four wethers (average body weight, 64 kg) with chronic indwelling catheters into the portal, hepatic and mesenteric veins and the abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. A basal diet consisting of 0.7 hay and 0.3 concentrate was fed twice daily with a fixed amount at 1.4 times maintenance energy (1.3 kg/day on a dry matter basis). The supplementation proportion of FM as treatment was 0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 to the amount of the basal diet to contain 119, 137, 154 and 170 g crude protein per kg dietary dry matter, respectively. Blood flows through PDV and liver did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Both net PDV release and hepatic uptake of alpha amino acid N increased linearly (p<0.05) in response to increased dietary FM, which resulted in similar total splanchnic release of alpha-amino N among the treatments. Similarly, increased dietary FM increased net PDV absorption and hepatic removal of ammonia N linearly (p<0.05). Hepatic synthesis and total splanchnic release of urea N increased linearly (p<0.01) with increased dietary FM, but PDV uptake of urea N did not respond to increased dietary FM. Linear regression equations between the increases in FM N intake and PDV net flux indicated that 0.34 and 0.30 of FM N was absorbed in the form of alpha-amino N and ammonia N, respectively. The results demonstrated that FM supplementation provides more alpha-amino N than ammonia N to the liver, but the alpha-amino acid N absorption is less than the expected metabolizable protein N from FM supplementation.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2014

The red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, was cultivated in open water farms in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound (26-30 psu of salinity) and New York City (20-25 psu), USA in 2011. Plants were harvested monthly from summer (August, $24^{\circ}C$) to fall (November, $13^{\circ}C$) and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, and amino acid content. On a dry matter (DM) basis, nitrogen and protein significantly increased over the harvest period until October and then plateaued. Nitrogen increased from $22{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $39{\pm}3g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in October (p < 0.001). Protein increased from $107{\pm}13g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $196{\pm}5g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in November (p < 0.001). With two exceptions, amino acid concentrations expressed on a crude protein (CP) basis were similar over the harvest period. Essential amino acids accounted for $48{\pm}1%$ of all amino acids present with lysine and methionine averaging $56{\pm}2g\;kg^{-1}$ CP and $18{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP, respectively. Histidine was underrepresented among essential amino acids and averaged $13{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP. Taurine ranged from 2.1 to $3.2g\;kg^{-1}$ DM. With its moderate levels of lysine, methionine and taurine, ocean farmed G. tikvahiae has the potential of overcoming many nutrient deficiencies currently associated with terrestrial plant ingredients in alternative feeds for fish and shrimp.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

The dry weight of mother plants' leaves had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) mixed with NS 0.8 (customary use). In seafood amino acid fertilizer (SAF) application, the increase rate was highest in SAF solution at a 300-fold dilution. Mother plants' crown diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and leaf number showed the greatest growth amount when NS 0.8 (customary use) was mixed to NS (single-use) or NS+EM (mixed-use) solution. The growth was highest in SAF solution diluted 300 folds, but lowest in SAF solution diluted 100 folds. Of all inorganic nutrients, excluding sulfur, total amount of nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) with the treatment of NS 0.8 (customary use). Total nitrogen, in particular, was increased by 3.1% in NS 0.4, 6.0% in NS 0.8, and 4.5% in NS 0.8 with the application of NS+EM at a 500-fold dilution compared to NS alone. Total nitrogen amount showed the highest increase rate in SAF solution diluted 300 folds. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and EC in soils applied with culture solutions (NS, NS+EM) had increasing tendencies after fertilizer application. The results were comparable to those of SAF treatment. The increase rate of each inorganic nutrient composition declined in soils applied with NS+EM solution diluted 500 folds compared to NS alone.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1963

The studies could be summarized as follows: 1. Standard Rf Values were made as Table II for the identification of amino acids. 2. Amounts of free amino nitrogen in eggs were increased about 0.03% (Table IV) while the amounts of total nitrogen (Table III) were increased lower percentage during the ten days of development. 3. Three unknown substances were found newly during the development. 4. Eight ninhydrine positive amino acids were present, in the fresh embryonic eggs, but the numbers increased to eighteen after fifty days of development. 5. Through the development, there were large amounts of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine. 6. After fifty days development, the amount of amides, such as asparagine, glutamine and alanine were increased very large which were very small amount before it and the amount of asparagine were more than that of glutamine. 7. Tryptophane, Cystine , Histidine were detected after 50 days of development. This is very remarkable fact.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1970

An investigation was carried out to know the relationship between resistance of rice varieties to blast disease and the chemical components, especially total nitrogen and total sugars, in the rice plants. The results sic summarized as follow: 1) The nitrogen contents in the resistant variety were less than those of susceptible one, and sugar contents were reversed. Accordingly, the C/N ratio in the resistant variety was higher than that obtained by susceptible one. 2) The free amino acids contents, especially, Glutamine, Valine, Leusine and Iso-leusine, in the resistant varieties were more than those of the susceptible varieties. 3) The starch synthetic activity of rice leaves in the resistant varieties was higher than that of susceptible one in fructose and glucose solutions, but it was reversed in sucrose solution. 4) When more nitrogen was dressed, the total nitrogen content of rice leaves was increased than the ordinary dressing. The rate of increase in nitrogen content in resistant variety was lower than those of the susceptible. The total sugar content of rice plants dressed more nitrogen was decreased at early tillering stage, but increased at maximum tillering stage. It seemed that the rate of increase of total sugar in the resistant variety was higher than those of the susceptible.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 1989

Free amino acids in water-extracts and total amino acids in hydrolysates of three cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were analyzed by amino acid analyzer to know the compositional differences depending on species and portions (pileus and stipe). Eighteen amino acids were identified and quantified. The total nitrogen and protein nitrogen contents were in the range of 1.67-6.24% and 0.88-2.42% (dry basis), respectively. The considerable differences were often found among species and portions of mushrooms. All of them were found to be higher in the pileus part. The free amino acids conents in water-extracts were in the range of 10.04-37.85mg/g(dry weight) and the total amino acids contents in hydrolysates were in the range of 53.37-120.15mg/g(dry weight). Glutamic acid, serine, histidine, and alanine were dominent in the free amino acids pool and glutamic, aspartic acid, histidine, and alanine were in the total amino acids pool.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted with 120 barrows weaned at 21 days of age to estimate their lysine requirement weaned at 21 days of age when other important amino acids were fortified to get optimal ratio to lysine. The treatments were 1.15% (control), 1.25%, 1.35%, 1.45%, 1.55%, 1.65% total lysine in the diet. Based on the growth performance total lysine requirement of 21-day old pigs appears to be 1.45%. The lowest digestibilities of dry matter and crude fat were found in pigs fed 1.15% total lysine diet and the highest were found in pigs fed 1.65% total lysine diet with no significant differences among treatments. Nitrogen digestibility increased as the total lysine level increased up to 1.35% (p < 0.05) and remained relatively constant beyond 1.35%. However, the best nitrogen digestibility was observed in pigs fed 1.45% total dietary lysine. Gross energy, crude ash and phosphorus digestibilities did not differ due to the increase in total lysine level. The amounts of excreted dry matter and nitrogen differed significantly by the increase in lysine level up to 1.35% (p < 0.05), while phosphorus excretion was not influenced by the lysine level. Dry matter and nitrogen excretion were reduced by 13.6% and 18.4%, respectively, when 1.45% lysine was offered to the pigs compared to the those fed on 1.15% lysine diet. The amino acid digestibilities increased as the total lysine level increased up to 1.45% (p < 0.05), and remained constant beyond 1.45%. The lysine requirement for the pigs weighing 6 to 14 kg seems to be higher than the previous estimates and in order to reduce pollutant excretion the accurate nutrient requirement should be set and applied to the animal.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.317-331
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen combounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids, Water soluble teins, insoluble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. glycol)roteins. amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives. free nucleosides and nllrleir arid bases. 4-me- thymi-5-thiazoleethanol and pyroglutamic acid. The contents of total nitrogen and protein in root increased until 13 years old rvhich was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased With the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the rlosc relation with root growth. Arginine which covered 58% of total free amino aroids may serve as a storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome, threonine in stem and again threoning and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyaminc content. Polyamine stimulated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although dencichine content is relatively high (0.5% d.w.). biochemical and pharmatological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological roll iota plant itself. Radiation and U.V. protective function (heat stable protein), insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and lipolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopeptide). hemostatir and nellrotoxic activity (denrichine) and. sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-5-thiazoleethilnol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality critsria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical stlldies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably dole to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.175-189
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen compounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids. Water solilble proteins, indouble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. Glycolyroteins, amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives, free nucleosides and nucleic acid bases. 4-methyl-i-thiazoltethanol and pyroglutamic acid the contents of total nitrogen and protein in root Increased until 13 years old which was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased with the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the close relation with root growth. Arginine, which covered 58% of total free amino acids, may serve as storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome. threonine in stem and again threonine and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyamine stimulated Polyamine stimlllated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although content is relatively high ((1.if) 6.w). Biochemical and pharmacological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological role there plant itself. Radiation and U.V protective function (heat stable protein). insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and livolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopevtide). htmostatic and nellrotoxic activity (dencichine) and, sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-i-thiazoleethanol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality criteria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical studies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably due to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2000

To investigate quality characteristics of southeast asian salt-fermented fish sauces, various chemical properties were examined against 13 kinds of southeast asian salt-fermented fish sauces. The range of chemical compositions were $60.6{\~}72.8{\%}$ moisture, $18.2{\~}25.8{\%}ash,\;0.9{\~}13.7{\%}$ crude protein and $14.1{\~}338.6\;mg/100 ml$ VBN. The pH and salinity were $4.66{\~}5.91,\;24.1{\~}30.6{\%}$, respectively. Total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total free amino acid, and total ATP related compounds (sum of $ATP{\~}IMP$, HxR, Hx and uric acid) were in the ranges of $0.140{\~}2.199g,\;115.4{\~}1,643.0 mg,\;46.4{\~}9,056.3\;mg\;in\;100 ml,\;and\;0.829{\~}9.564 {\mu}mol\;in\;1\;ml$, respectively. Southeast asian salt-fermented lish sauces were rich in tree amino acids, such as glutamic acid, Iysine, leucine, alanine, aspartic acid, valine and isoleucine in the order.