• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

An alginate degrading enzyme from the Vibrio crassostreae PKA 1002 strain was used to hydrolyze the water extract of Sargassum thunbergii. To obtain the optimum degrading conditions for the S. thunbergii water extract, the mixture of the water extract and enzyme was incubated at 30℃ for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, and its alginate degrading ability was measured by reducing sugar and viscosity. A temperature of 30℃ for a period of 6 h was found to be the optimal condition for the enhancement of the alginate’s degrading ability. The pH of the enzymatic hydrolysate was not significantly different from that of the water extract. Overall lightness decreased, but redness and yellowness increased after enzymatic hydrolysis. Total phenolic compounds did not differ between the water extract and the enzymatic hydrolysate. DPPH radical scavenging activity and the reducing power of the enzymatic hydrolysate were lower than those of the water extract. However, the chelating effect of the enzymatic hydrolysate (80.08% at 5 mg/ml) was higher than that of the water extract (62.29%). These results indicate that the enzymatic hydrolysate possesses an anti-oxidant activity by way of the action of the chelating effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.541-546
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of a Korean traditional alcoholic beverage (yakju) prepared using different nuruk (Korean-style koji) concentrations and yeasts such as the fusant FA776 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KOY-1, respectively. The fusant FA776, which has alcohol-fermenting and starch-utilizing properties, was formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KOY-1 and Saccharomyces diastaticus KCTC1804. The fermentation trial was conducted in a 5 L lab-scale jar at $25^{\circ}C$. The maximum alcohol production of the K-100 and F-50 reached levels of 135.0 mg/mL and 119.4 mg/mL, respectively. The pH values were in a range of 4.3-4.5. Total acidity was in a range of 0.47-0.60%. Organic acids and amino acids were analyzed in order to evaluate variations in its composition and content via HPLC analysis. Organic acids including lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and pyruvic acid, and 16 kinds of amino acids, including aspartic acid, were detected in all treatments. K-100 showed the highest amino acid contents, whereas F-50 exhibited the lowest amino acid contents. Volatile flavor components such as phenylethyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-methylthiophane, isobutyl alcohol, and ethyl succinate were detected as a major component in all treatments, as determined via gas chromatography. The results of our sensory evaluation demonstrated that Yakju fermented by the FA776 fusant yielded more favorable results than S. cerevisiae KOY-1.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2007

The kinds and quantity of antimicrobial agents used for cattle (animal industry) may be considerable, suggesting the possibility that pathogenic bacteria which cannot be extirpated by the existing antimicrobial agents could appear. Ten cattle, pig and chicken farms, respectively, were randomly selected from 5 provinces in Korea and the samples were collected from excrement, manure, underground water, farmers' hands and the neishboring environment. h total of 299 samples were examined and 197 of Escherichia coli, 13 of Campylobacter jejun/coli, 223 of Enterococcus faecium/faecalis and 42 of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected. All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance: 69.4% of E. coli (137/197 strains), 78.6% of S. aureus (33/42 strains), and 82.1% of E. faecium/faecalis (183/223 strains) were resistant to one antimicrobial agent and all of C. jejuni/coli Isolates showed the resistance to one antimicrobial agent. Meanwhile, the multiple resistance ratio for more than 4 lines of antimicrobial agent was 19.2% of E. coli (38/197 strains), 11.9% of S. aureus (5/42 strains), 15.4% of C. jejuni/coli (2/13 strains) and 6.2% of E. faecium/faecalis (14/223 strains). The antimicrobial resistance ratio of bacteria isolated from the cattle farm showed lower than that of bacteria isolated from the pig or chicken farm, which might be related to the quantify of antimicrobial agents consumed. And one strain of vancomycin resistant E..faecium (VREF) were isolated from the excrement of chicken and stream, respectively. Generally, the ratio of VREF collected in animal farm environments is lower than that of VREF collected in medical environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources and meal frequency on growing performance and lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley strain male rats. The experiment was conducted in 4$\times$2 factorial arrangement with 4 sources of dietary lipid(palm oil, beef tallow, soybean oil and hydrogenated soyben oil) and 2 meal frequencies(ad-libitum or meal feeding). During the 4-week feeding period the rats were fed either ad-libitum (AL) or a single daily 3-hour meal (09 : 02-12 : 00) during the dark period. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cholesterol synthetic activity in hte liver prepared from rats used in feeding trials. And in vitro cultures were also carried out to study the lipogenic and lipolytic activity in the liver and adipose tissues prepared from rats used in feeding trials. Present data indicated that body weight gain, feed intake and FER of AS(ad-libitum+soybean oil)and AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil) group were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of the other groups. It was found that the feed intake of MF group was much less than that of AL group. Total body weight gained by MF group was only 60% of AL group. Growing performance was not affected by dietary lipid sources. The cholesterol synthetic activity in liver tissues culture was markedly(p<0.05) increased in MF diets, especially in soybean oil group. The lipogenic activity in liver tissues culture of MP(meal feeding+palm oil) and MHS(meal feeding+hydrogenated soybean oil)group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of AP(ad-libitum+palm oil) group and AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil) group(p<0.05). Rats fed ad-libitum+beef tallow and fed meal feeding+beef tallow showed significantly(p<0.05) higher lipogenesis than the other groups. It was apparent that the lipogenic activity in liver tissues culture was not affected by dietary lipid sources and meal frequency. Lipolytic activity in liver tissue culture was significantly(p<0.001)different with meal frequency; MF group was higher than AL group, but was not greatly affected by dietary lipid sources. In the in vitro studies with adipose tissue, MF diets increased the lipogenic activity and inhibited the lipolytic activity in adipocytes. The lipogenic activity in adipocytes was significantly (p<0.001) different with dietary lipid sources and found to be beef tallow group was the higherst, but the sources of lipid in the diet did not exert any effect on the lipolytic acitivity.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2005

Binocular vision had a short history in Korea. As there were many near works in these days, the needs about comparative study have been increased. There was related to both refractive error and binocular anomalies, but it is difficult to applying for binocular vision expected findings in itself due to the fact that Korean differ from foreigner. Objects were 100 adults in 18-36 years old ages, The test was Von Gaefe method and used aparatus was phoropter(Shinnippon VT10)and visual chart(Shinnippon CT30). According to interview results was that symptom in near works were headaches 28.0%, blinking 27.3%, red eye 25.1%, eyepain 15.6%, watering 15.3%, itch 12.2%, photophobia 8.5% and eye strain 7.4%. A people who have above ${\pm}0.50$ D refractive error in total objectives (100-male 45/female 55) were classified into ametropia. There was a results such as emmetropia (12.0%), ametropia(88.0%), exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Far negative relative convergence were that in case of high 43.0%, in case of low 7.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 15.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Near phoria was exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Near negative relative convergence were that in case of high 23.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 29.0%, in case of low 23.0%. Near negative relative accommodation were that in case of high 10.0%, in case of low 14,0%, Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 69.0%, in case of low 12.0%. Results were different from expected findings, and especially positive relative accommodation was very high, However, We suggest that the expected findings in Korea for several subjects must study in binocular function.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.65-69
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• 2009

Purpose: Recently incidence of VDT syndrome has gradually increased as extensive use of computers. VDT syndrome reported by VDT workers include musculoskeletal disorder, neuropsychiatric disoders and eye symptoms such as eye strain, tired eyes, irritation and blurred vision. The environmental factors of VDT syndrome include electromagnetic waves, size, brightness and lighting of computer screen, height of a monitor and a worktable, working hours, kind of task, distance between screen and workers, indoor humidity and temperature, indoor air contamination and ventilation. In this study, we investigated the environmental factors related to body symptoms and health effects included in VDT syndrome. Methods: Study subjects were total 120 persons (54 male, 66 female) with age from 19 to 28. We surveyed the body symptoms and physical discomfort when doing an activity in a short distance such as reading book or paper, computer work. The questionnaire included main body symptoms, self-consciousness symptoms of eye, satisfaction of working environment, pain of the wrist when using keyboard and mouse. Results: Most of people (70%) felt physical pain from long time work of computer, paper, electrical apparatus. They mainly complained pain of neck and low back (57.1%), eye (45.2%) and head (31%). With the environmental factors, 78.3% of the subjects complaint pain of eye from inappropriate illumination. Most of the symptoms included 'eye fatigue'(38.3%), 'dryness of eye'(31.9%) and 'blurred vision'(23.7%). Subjects in this study complained discomfort of their chairs and most of them experienced pain in the wrist when using keyboard or mouse. Conclusions: When people use electrical apparatus or work with paper, people would get their eye fatigue and feeling of physical fatigue because of not harmonizing various environmental factors such as light, space, posture, worktable with theirselves. Therefore, workers should develop preventive method such as self-control of adequate break time to avoid fatigue while VDT work. Work environment should be changed to ergonomic design for optimal visual environment to prevent musculoskeletal disorder through constant research.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the types of lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination and the effect of local rifampicin instillation on the treatment of suppurative BCG lymphadenitis. Methods : A total of 32 otherwise healthy infants with suppurative BCG lymphadenitis, who visited the Department of Pediatrics of Chonbuk National University Hospital, from March 2002 through June 2004, were enrolled in this study. They were treated with needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation. We investigated the time the lymphadenitis took to be suppurative, accompanying clinical manifestations, and the treatment effects. Results : Of the 32 infants, 19 were male and 13 were female. They were full term babies and one preterm baby with a gestational age of 30 weeks. They received intradermal administration, with the BCG vaccine of $Pasteur^{(R)}$(French) strain mostly on the left deltoid area(96.9 percent). Regional lymphadenitis occurred in 1 to 11 months after BCG vaccination, mostly 1-5 months after vaccination (78.1 percent). Among the infants, 87.5 percent had unilocular lesion but 12.5 percent had more than one enlarged lymph node cares. Most of the lymphadenitis presented in the left axillary area(77.8 percent), and the left supuraclavicular area(11.1 percent). After one to three times of needle aspiration with rifampin instillation, all infants recovered completely without surgical excision or severe complication. Conclusion : The regional lymphadenitis is the most common complication in infants who receive intradermal BCG vaccination. This study supports that in suppurative BCG lymphadenitis the needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation is very effective and can be a more economical treatment modality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2002

Purpose : Ascending cholangitis is the most common complication after Kasai operations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cefotaxime as an empirical antibiotic on ascending cholangitis after Kasai operations. Methods : Thirty-nine episodes of cholangitis in twenty-nine children who underwent Kasai operations at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from January 1991 to December 2000 were included in this study. Empirical cefotaxime treatments were divided into three groups : cefotaxime and amikacin treatment group(CA group), cefotaxime and gentamicin treatment group(CG group) and cefotaxime treatment group(C group). A diagnosis of cholangitis was made on the basis of unexplained fever(>$38^{\circ}C$) and either development of acholic stool or elevation of serum total bilirubin (>1.5 mg/dL). Therapeutic efficacy was judged by elimination of fever up to 72 hours, 120 hours, and 168 hours after antibiotic treatment. Results : There were therapeutic responses in 51%(20/39) up to 72 hours after antibiotic treatment : 54%(13/24) in CA group, 43%(3/7) in CG group and 50%(4/8) in C group. There were therapeutic responses in 69%(27/39) up to 120 hours, in 79%(31/39) up to 168 hours and in 82%(32/39) up to 2 weeks. There were no differences in therapeutic efficacy among the three regimens. In 12 of 39 episodes, the etiologic pathogens including Escherichia coli and enterococcus were cultured from the blood. Conclusion : Cefotaxime can be tried as an initial antibiotic in Korean children with ascending cholangitis after Kasai operation prior to the identification of microorganism on culture. However, further evaluation of pathogen and its resistant strain to cefotaxime should be done.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of skin test by an inactivated, 1/50 diluted solution of attenuated varicella vaccine in evaluating the immune status to varicella. Methods : Total 41 subjects (22 males, 19 females, aged 1-32 years) were enrolled from July to August, 2005. Past medical history including varicella infection, varicella vaccination were investigated through questionnaires. The skin test solution was prepared from solution of attenuated varicella vaccine(Oka strain) which was inactivated by exposure to room temperature for 10 days and diluted at 1/50 with normal saline. Skin test was done by injecting 0.1 mL of the solution intradermally into the volar surface of the right forearm and sterile normal saline was used as a control on the left forearm. Positive reaction was defined when the transverse diameter of the induration was 5 mm or more. Serum varicella zoster virus specific IgG antibody test by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was done. Results : In adults, the sensitivity of the varicella zoster virus skin test compared to ELISA was 94.7% and the positive predictive value was 100%. In children, both the positive predictive value and specificity were 100% but the sensitivity and the negative predictive value were 50% and 30.7% respectively. Children showed smaller skin test reactivity compared to adults. Conclusion : The varicella zoster virus skin test using inactivated, 1/50 diluted solution of attenuated varicella vaccine was proved as one of the useful tools for evaluating the immunity and susceptibility of the varicella zoster virus.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1991

Thirty Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolates (10 strains per each soil) from 1 uncultivated [Sangnam(Soil 1), Milyang]- and 2 cultivated [Dong(Soil 2)and Chinbuk(Soil 3), Changweon] upland soils in Yeongnam area were evaluated on their symbiotic effectiveness to soybean [Glycin max (L.)] cv. Korean Jangbaekkong and American Clark and examined on their serological diversity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. On symbiotic effectiveness of B. japonicum with plant genotypes, isolates showed a relatively high value of nodule mass in Jangbaekkong cv. and of shoot dry weight and total nitrogen in Clark cv. demonstrating the order of Soil 1> Soil 2> Soil 3 isolates. 2. Among 30 B. japonicum isolates, YCK 141 showed the best effectiveness on mean nitrogen fixation of two cultivars. 3. Thirty indigenous B. japonicum showed 6 types of serological diversities in the immunoblot analysis which were present in various proportions at Soil 2(5) and Soil 3(5) except Soil 1 where all isolates fell into the YCK 117 serogroup. And their distribution order was serotype YCK 117( 12 strains) > USDA 1l0(5strains), USDA 123(5 strains) > YCK 150(4 strains) > YCK 141(3 strains) > YCK 226(1 strain). 4. Especially, 10 isolates from Soil 1, an uncultivated orchard, showed a very homologous pattern in not only effectiveness but serological distribution. It seemed to indicate that the isolates were typically affected by numerous physical and environmental factors of the soil.