• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.620-626
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and cellular protective effects against oxidative stress on human skin cells in 50% ethanol extract and its fractions of Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis) flowers. We measured the antioxidant effects of 50% ethanol extract and its fractions of C. officinalis flowers on the free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) and the inhibition of intracellular ROS generation in human skin cells. These results showed that the antioxidant effect of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fraction was more than the 50% ethanol extract of C. officinalis flowers. We also investigated the cellular protective activity and the results showed that treatment of the ethyl acetate fraction ($0.05-3.13{\mu}g/mL$) protects human skin cells in a concentration-dependent manner when the skin cell damages were induced by treating them with $H_2O_2$. In addition, the aglycone fraction ($1.56-3.13{\mu}g/mL$) shows cellular protective effects on the UV-induced cell damages in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the fractions of C. officinalis flowers can function as a natural antioxidant agent of cosmetics in human skin cells exposed to oxidative stress by ROS scavenging effects.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2002

The imbalance between reactive oxygen species(ROS) production and total antioxidant capacity reproduction system is correlated with infertility. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the expression patterns of peroxiredoxin(Prx), a member of antioxidant family, in reproductive system that includes testis, epididymis ovary, oviduct, and uterus. (omitted)

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1523-1527
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• 2009

The present study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant potential of hot water extract and its fractions from dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water ($H_2O$) of castor-aralia (Kalopanax pictus) leaves using different antioxidant tests. Among these crude extract and fractions, EtOAc fraction exhibited higher antioxidant potency than others in 1,1-diphenyl-2-pricylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, reducing power assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. However, $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction showed higher hydroxyl radical scavenging and DNA damage protective activity. This work demonstrates the potential of castor-aralia leaves as antioxidant functional food ingredients.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2014

This study was designed to find out the effect of Nosema spore on oxidative damages and antioxidant defence in the midgut of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta. Higher level of lipid peroxidation (LPX) and total hydroperoxides indicate the resultant oxidative stress in the Nosema exposed specimen. Increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) suggests activation of physiological mechanism to scavenge the superoxide radical produced during Nosema infection. Higher activities of catalase and glutathione-S-tranferase on $18^{th}$ d indicate adaptive behaviour of the tissue against oxyradicals. The results suggest that Nosema infection is involved in altering the active oxygen metabolism by modulating LPX and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is indicative of pebrine disease disorder.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2012

In this study, 80% ethanolic extracts of tartary and common buckwheats were assessed for their total phenol content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power), and anti-adipogenic effects. Our results show that total phenol contents of 80% ethanolic extract from tartary and common buckwheats were $17.35{\pm}0.41$ and $8.20{\pm}0.28\;{\mu}g$ GAE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities of 80% ethanolic extract from tartary buckwheat were significantly higher than that of common buckwheat extract (p<0.05). During adipocyte differentiation, 80% ethanolic extracts of tartary and common buckwheat significantly inhibited lipid accumulation compared to control cells. We further evaluated the effect of buckwheat extracts on the changes of key gene expression associated with 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and ROS production. Tartary buckwheat extract was more suppressed the mRNA expressions ($PPAR{\gamma}$ and aP2) than that of common buckwheat extract. Moreover, tartary buckwheat inhibited the mRNA expression of both NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) and G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). These results indicate that anti-adipogenesis effect of tartary buckwheat can be attributed to phenolic compound that may potentially inhibit ROS production.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.69-85
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• 2013

Objectives: This study investigated the anti-osteoarthritic effects of Kyejiinsam-tang (hereinafter referred to KIT) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods: Anti-oxidative effects of KIT were measured by scavenging activities of DPPH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Scavenging activities of anti-oxidation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells were also measured for inhibitory effects against the production of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interleukin-6). Osteoarthritis was induced in rats by injecting MIA in the knee joint. Rats were divided into a total of 4 groups (n=6). The normal group were not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis whereas the control group were induced for osteoarthritis by MIA and oral medicated physiological saline per day. The positive comparison group was injected with MIA and after 7 days, 2 mg/kg of Indomethacin. The experimental group was injected with MIA and after 7 days was medicated with 34 mg/kg of KIT. Indomethacin and KIT were orally-medicated for each substance a total of 4 weeks, once per day. Weight-bearing on hind legs was measured every week after MIA injection. At the end of the experiment (5 weeks after MIA injection), micro CT (computed tomography)-arthrography and histopathological examinations on the articular structures of knee joint were performed. The effect on inflammatory cytokines and immunological cells in synovial fluid was measured. Volume of cartilage was measured by micro CT-arthrography. Injury to synovial tissue was measured by H & E (hematoxylin and eosin), Safranin-O immunofluorescence. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against hFCs was insignificant. 2. KIT showed the potent full term for DPPH. 1. NO was significantly reduced by KIT (at 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and ROS was also reduced, but not significantly, by KIT (at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). 2. IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly reduced by KIT (at 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and TNF-${\alpha}$ was also reduced, but not significantly, by KIT (at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). 1. In hind legs weight-bearing measurement, level of weight increased. 2. Functions of liver and kidney were not affected. 3. IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly reduced and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 were also reduced but not significantly. 4. PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), LTB4 (leukotriene B4) were significantly reduced in the KIT group. 5. MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) and Osteocalcin were significantly reduced in the KIT group. 6. Destruction of cartilage on micro CT arthrography was reduced but had no significant differences. 7. Histopathologically, injury to synovial membrane of the KIT group was decreased and proteoglycan content of KIT group was increased. Conclusions: According to this study, Kyejiinsam-tang has inhibiting effect on the progression of arthritis in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat. Kyejiinsam-tang has anti-oxidants and anti-inflammation effects, and is related to inhibiting the activity of inflammatory cytokine and injury of volume in cartilage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.618-623
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• 2014

Sarijang, a soy sauce made from fermented black soybean (Rhynchosia nulubilis), sulfur fed duck, dried bark of Ulmus davidiana, Allium sativum, and bamboo salt, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the antioxidant properties of Sarijang have not yet been elucidated. In this study, the antioxidant effects of Sarijang were investigated by determining total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC). The inhibitory effects of Sarijang on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage (200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$, 250 ${\mu}M$ Fe-NTA, and 200 ${\mu}M$ HNE) in human leukocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The TPC of Sarijang was $1.04{\pm}0.01$ mg GAE/mL. DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values of Sarijang increased in a dose-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA of Sarijang was $11.2{\pm}0.3$ mg/mL, whereas $IC_{50}$ of TRAP was $209.5{\pm}2.0$ mg/mL. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were effectively abrogated by all tested concentrations of Sarijang (1~100 ${\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that Sarijang has antioxidative activity and protective effects against oxidative DNA damage.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.633-642
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and preservative effects of Water Chestnut from 70% ethanol extracts. The toxicity of extracts from Water Chestnut investigated using the RAW 264.7 cell showed higher than 90% of cell survival rate. The total content of polyphenol ethanol extract was $353.1{\pm}5.6mg/g$, while the total content of flavonoid was $26.2{\pm}1.4mg/g$. With a concentration level of $1{\sim}1000 ({\mu}g/m{\ell})$ ethanol extract of Water Chestnut the range of removal of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was $17.0{\pm}2.8%{\sim}88.6{\pm}0.6%$ respectively and the range of removal of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals was also $2.3{\pm}0.8%{\sim}93.9{\pm}0.2%$ respectively. There were decreases in reactive oxygen species(ROS) generations ethanol extracts of Water Chestnut 1, 10, $100({\mu}g/m{\ell})$ and significance decrease at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (p<.01). As a result of measuring the Nitric Oxide(NO) generation amount of Water Chestnut extract 1, 10, $100({\mu}g/m{\ell})$ concentration exhibited significant (p<.001, p<.01) decreases. For the anti-bacterial features using a paper disk and the preservative features using petri film, no significance was found and therefore water chestnut extracts had not anti-bacterial or preservative features.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2020

Background: Although a number of Panax ginseng cultivars have been developed by Korean researchers in recent years, there has been insufficient analysis of their beneficial properties. In this study, we sought to identify useful ginseng varieties as functional materials. Methods and Results: We evaluated effects of root extracts of 10 ginseng cultivars (Cheongsun; CS, Chunpoong; CP, Gopoong; GP, Gumpoong; GMP, K1, Sunhyang; SH, Sunone; SO, Sunpoong; SP, Sunun; SU and Yunpoong; YP) against the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mouse brain microglial BV2 cells, as well as the binding of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a marker related to memory. Ginsenosides, such as 20 (S)-protopanaxadiols (PPDs), including ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rb3, -Rc, -Rd, and - Rg3 and 20 (S)-protopanaxatriols (PPTs) including -Re, -Rg1, and -Rg2 were analyzed by HPLC. We observed that the cultivar GMP showed the highest inhibitory effect (60.8%) against NO production at 20 ㎍/㎖. Those cultivars showing the significantly highest inhibition effects against ROS at 20 ㎍/㎖ were K1 (57.3%), SP (54.5%), YP (53.1%), CP (51.7%), CS (50.9%) and SH (49.6%). At 50 ㎍/㎖, K1 showed the most potent inhibitory effect (51.2%) on NMDAR binding. The total phenol content of SH (1.89 mg/g) and K1 (1.73 mg/g) were higher than those of the other cultivars, whereas in terms of PD/PT ratios, the values of CP (0.98), K1 (1.05) and SO (1.05) were lower than those of the other cultivars. On the basis of correlation coefficient (0.7064) between NMDAR inhibition and ONOO^- scavenging activity. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the cultivars K1 and SH could be useful ginseng resources as functional materials with favorable cognition-improving and antioxidative properties.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2015

The present work was undertaken to address the role of protein disulfide isomerase 2 (Pdi2) in the mercury-tolerance of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, using the Pdi2-overexpressing recombinant plasmid pYPDI2 and the corresponding vector plasmid pRS316. When exposed to mercuric chloride, the PDI2 overepxression cells grew significantly better than the vector control cells. They revealed the lower levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), when incubated with mercuric chloride for 6 h, than the vector control cells. The PDI2 overepxression cells contained the higher levels of total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the vector control cells, after 6 h of incubation in mercuric chloride. However, the PDI2 overepxression cells contained similar levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, compared to those of the vector control cells. Taken together, the S. pombe Pdi2 promotes the tolerance against mercury toxicity through up-regulating total GSH and SOD and subsequently attenuating ROS and NO elevations.