• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-249
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was to compare the effect changes after physical therapy (extracorporeal shock wave therapy + high-load strengthening exercise) or corticosteroid injection in patients diagnosed with chronic plantar fasciitis. Methods : A total of 40 patients were randomly assigned to each group of 20. According to the intervention method, "Group 1. Physiotherapy" was performed for 12 weeks, and "Group 2. Corticosteroid injection" was performed only once. As a pre-intervention test, plantar fascia thickness, pain intensity I, II (What is the most painful moment of the day?, How painful is the first step in the morning?), and functional performance were measured. To compare the effects of each group, the tests 3, 6, and 12 weeks after were also performed using the same measurement method. Also, after 12 weeks, patient satisfaction was also compared. Results : There was no significant difference between the groups in the change in the thickness of the plantar fascia during all periods. However, pain intensity I, II was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at only 12 weeks and functional performance was also significantly increased in Group 1 compared to Group 2 at only 12 weeks. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in patient satisfaction. Conclusion : The physiotherapy protocol, which consisted of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and high-load strengthening exercise, showed excellent results, especially after 12 weeks, compared to corticosteroid injection. It is recommended as a more effective treatment method as it is possible to safely return to daily life by reducing pain and improving functional performance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 2010

Reinforced-concrete (RC) columns are frequently designed and constructed. other types of columns includes composite types such as concrete-filled tube columns (CFT). Hollow RC columns may be effective in reducing both the self weight of columns and total amount of materials used. This is due to the fact that a hollow RC column possesses larger moment of inertia than that of solid RC columns of same cross sectional area. Despite the effectiveness the hollow RC column has not been popular because of its poor ductility performance. While the transverse reinforcements are effective in controlling the brittle failure of the outside concrete, they are not capable of resisting the failure of concrete of inner face which is in unconfined state of stress. To overcome these drawbacks, the internally confined hollow reinforced concrete (ICH RC), a new column type, was proposed in the previous researches. In this study, the fire resistance performance of the ICH RC columns was analyzed through a series of extensive heat transfer analyses using the nonlinear-material model program. Also, effect of factors such as the hollowness ratio, thickness of the concrete, and thickness of the internal tube on the fire resistance performance were extensively studied. Then the factors that enhance the fire-resistant performance of ICH RC were presented and analyzed.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.89-102
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• 2014

The establishment and operation of Region-based Teleworking Centers(RTC) in Korea is in the initial stage at the moment. Although some studies have been conducted on telecommuting at home, few studies have been performed on the effects of all-out expansion and diffusion of region-based Teleworking Centers. Therefore, this study analyzed the reduction effect of commuting distance which is possible to obtain from the establishment of Teleworking Centers, based on the network in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Subsequently, quantitative reduction of the effects of $CO_2$ were calculated from region-based Teleworking Centers. The results of the analysis indicated that region-based Teleworking Centers could reduce a total of 911 tons of $CO_2$ per day. When applying these results to 258 working days per year (according to Statistics Korea), 235,056 tons of $CO_2$ can be reduced annually by the establishment of Teleworking Centers. With quantity on environmental utility to be obtained from the establishment of Teleworking Centers, this study can be utilized as a guideline for selecting effective locations of Teleworking Centers in the future. It can also be helpful in decisions to determine the priority of extending operations of Teleworking Centers through comparisons among administrative districts.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-48
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• 1984

This study is conserned with the optimization of reinforced concrete frames using limit state design theory. Formulations of the optimal design for reinforced concrete frame based on the limit state theory turn out to be the nonlinear programming problems which have to deal with the required steel area, the width and effective height of the beam and column section and the moment reduction factor as the design variables. The objective function is formulated as the total construction cost which considers the costs of steel, concrete and forming for the reinforced concrete frames, and the basic constraints are imposed upon both ultimate and serviciability limit state concepts. Also, the stress blocks assumpted in CP110 and Hognestad et al. theory are applied to analysis an ultimate resistant section force for the ultimate limit state and only the criteria of CP110 are used for serviciability limit state. The optimized technique which is applied to solve the nonlinear programming problems for the optimization of reinforced concrete frames is SUMT utilizing the modified Newton-Raphson method. This algorithm is used to test for the two reinforced concrete frames, and then is compared and analysized with the numerical results of reference(10) to examine its convergence, applicability and stability under the same conditions. The results of this study are discussed about the economy comparision of the optimal values for CP110 and Hognestad et al., and the applicability, stability, convergence and validity of this algorithm used herein through the numerical analyses.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.121-126
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• 2017

Recently, a lot of people use touch-pen devices such as smart phones and tab computers. To generate the picture and text, a user can give input or control the touch-pen device through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus pen and/or one or more fingers. The accuracy and response time from the moment of contact with the touch board is very important to the touch device. Therefore, research is needed to find a way of removing the noise included in the touch signal quickly and efficiently. In this paper, we propose a method for removing a noise mixed in with a touch point coordinate which has been caused by a input pen on the touch screen. For effective filtering, the fast sampling of the coordinate corresponding to the noise from the input signal is required primarily. Secondly the total compensation of the touch coordinates using the characteristics of the B-Spline curve is applied to correct coordinates of the points. This method can ensure a real-time response than other algorithms. The applied performance evaluation method is comparing error pixels with evaluation values by dividing 10 intervals on the touch pad diagonally. Usually the average error is 7.1 pixels but our proposed method shows an average 4.1 errors. Therefore, our proposed touch pen method can express the input signal on the coordinates more correctly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2016

Flexural tests of full-scale concrete-filled U-shape hybrid composite beams were conducted. Ordinary (SS400) and high-strength (SM570) steel plates were used in the web and in the bottom flange of U-shape steel section respectively. The primary objectives were to develop the hybrid section configuration with maximized flexural capacity and to investigate its flexural strength and deformation capacity. All the hybrid test specimens in this study exhibited the plastic moment capacity and resonable deformability. It is shown that the plastic stress distribution can be assumed in calculating the flexural strength of the proposed hybrid composite beams if the plastic neural axis is located within 15% of the total beam depth from the top of the composite slab. The procedure for computing the effective flexural stiffness of hybrid composite beams is also recommended based on test results.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2006

A study on the restoration process of a stream ecosystem and the water quality renovation technique by removing algae, vegetation and fish monitoring as evaluating the removal of the algae by dietetic characteristics of fishes were performed on Sangdong stream in the B city after stream restoration it to the artificial stream as the cases, restoring urban stream into close-to-nature stream are being increased domestically with the aim of ecological city. As a result, restoration and rehabilitation of the fundamental stream ecosystem was well maintained 4 years later the reclamation at the moment and total 93 diagnosis which were all vascular plant phylum including 44 families, 73 genuses, 79 species and 14 varieties in flora and vegetation community were observed. 3 families, 8 species and 354 populations in total among Fishes were found and Pseudorasbora Parva, Cyprinus Carpic and Carassius Auratus strongly resistant to water pollution were dominantly appeared in order of 50.5% of Pseudorasbora Parva 21.2% of Cyprinus Carpic, 20.9% of Carassius Auratus, 7.1% of Macropodus chinensis and 0.3% of Misqurnus anguillicaudatus according to relative richness index. It turned out to be that Cyprinus Carpic ingests algae over 90% and Carassius Auratus takes it over 30% according to the analysis about the alimentary object of the fishes as a consequences of algae's excrescent from characteristics of the tested experimental stream. It is reported that a Cyprinus Carpic, about 34 cm in length, ingested wet-weight 43.2g algae on the rough analysis toward the sample which makes us recognize how effective a macro community Cyprinus Carpic is for removing algae.As a consequence of this research, the effect of stream ecosystem characteristics and water quality purification could not be expected by aquatic plants and trees which were eliminated at experimental stream. From now on, a close-to-nature stream should be formed of ecological hydraulic and hydrologic engineered modeling from the beginning so that it can perform the water quality purifying function. It is determined that the structure of food chain will be abundantly influenced by the induction of oversized macro community like Cyprinus Carpic because a biomass of a consumer of higher order is increased. It is estimated that the removal algae by fishes is not effective despite in some cases of dietetic characteristics so much more studies should be executed in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.765-780
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to synthesize the theoretical perspectives, research methods, and research results of teachers' professional vision by reviewing and analyzing previous research papers and to suggest implications for science teacher education and research. Three databases were used to search peer reviewed journal articles published between 1997-2017, which include 'teachers' and 'professional vision' explicitly in abstracts and empirical studies only. 21 articles in total were analyzed and review results are as follows. First, researchers regarded professional vision as a new concept of teacher professionalism. Previous research viewed professional vision as integrated structure of teachers' knowledge or ability activated at specific moment. Second, the analytical framework of professional vision included two aspects; 'selective attention' and 'reasoning'. Several aspects of lessons or the desirable teaching and learning factors are suggested as the subcategories of selective attention. Hierarchical levels or independent reasoning ability factors are suggested as the subcategories of reasoning process. Third, research on teachers' professional vision focused more on middle school teachers than elementary teachers and on various subject areas. Most studies used video clips and more cases of using videos of non-participants were found. In case of measurement of professional vision, most quantitative scoring methods were whether the responses of experts and teachers on video clips were consistent. Last, most studies examined or assessed teachers' professional vision. It is reported that in-service teachers' professional vision was evaluated higher than novice teachers' and using video clips were effective to examine and improve teachers' professional vision.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-32
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• 2018

In addition to stakeholders including managers, employees, creditors, and investors of bankrupt companies, corporate defaults have a ripple effect on the local and national economy. Before the Asian financial crisis, the Korean government only analyzed SMEs and tried to improve the forecasting power of a default prediction model, rather than developing various corporate default models. As a result, even large corporations called 'chaebol enterprises' become bankrupt. Even after that, the analysis of past corporate defaults has been focused on specific variables, and when the government restructured immediately after the global financial crisis, they only focused on certain main variables such as 'debt ratio'. A multifaceted study of corporate default prediction models is essential to ensure diverse interests, to avoid situations like the 'Lehman Brothers Case' of the global financial crisis, to avoid total collapse in a single moment. The key variables used in corporate defaults vary over time. This is confirmed by Beaver (1967, 1968) and Altman's (1968) analysis that Deakins'(1972) study shows that the major factors affecting corporate failure have changed. In Grice's (2001) study, the importance of predictive variables was also found through Zmijewski's (1984) and Ohlson's (1980) models. However, the studies that have been carried out in the past use static models. Most of them do not consider the changes that occur in the course of time. Therefore, in order to construct consistent prediction models, it is necessary to compensate the time-dependent bias by means of a time series analysis algorithm reflecting dynamic change. Based on the global financial crisis, which has had a significant impact on Korea, this study is conducted using 10 years of annual corporate data from 2000 to 2009. Data are divided into training data, validation data, and test data respectively, and are divided into 7, 2, and 1 years respectively. In order to construct a consistent bankruptcy model in the flow of time change, we first train a time series deep learning algorithm model using the data before the financial crisis (2000~2006). The parameter tuning of the existing model and the deep learning time series algorithm is conducted with validation data including the financial crisis period (2007~2008). As a result, we construct a model that shows similar pattern to the results of the learning data and shows excellent prediction power. After that, each bankruptcy prediction model is restructured by integrating the learning data and validation data again (2000 ~ 2008), applying the optimal parameters as in the previous validation. Finally, each corporate default prediction model is evaluated and compared using test data (2009) based on the trained models over nine years. Then, the usefulness of the corporate default prediction model based on the deep learning time series algorithm is proved. In addition, by adding the Lasso regression analysis to the existing methods (multiple discriminant analysis, logit model) which select the variables, it is proved that the deep learning time series algorithm model based on the three bundles of variables is useful for robust corporate default prediction. The definition of bankruptcy used is the same as that of Lee (2015). Independent variables include financial information such as financial ratios used in previous studies. Multivariate discriminant analysis, logit model, and Lasso regression model are used to select the optimal variable group. The influence of the Multivariate discriminant analysis model proposed by Altman (1968), the Logit model proposed by Ohlson (1980), the non-time series machine learning algorithms, and the deep learning time series algorithms are compared. In the case of corporate data, there are limitations of 'nonlinear variables', 'multi-collinearity' of variables, and 'lack of data'. While the logit model is nonlinear, the Lasso regression model solves the multi-collinearity problem, and the deep learning time series algorithm using the variable data generation method complements the lack of data. Big Data Technology, a leading technology in the future, is moving from simple human analysis, to automated AI analysis, and finally towards future intertwined AI applications. Although the study of the corporate default prediction model using the time series algorithm is still in its early stages, deep learning algorithm is much faster than regression analysis at corporate default prediction modeling. Also, it is more effective on prediction power. Through the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the current government and other overseas governments are working hard to integrate the system in everyday life of their nation and society. Yet the field of deep learning time series research for the financial industry is still insufficient. This is an initial study on deep learning time series algorithm analysis of corporate defaults. Therefore it is hoped that it will be used as a comparative analysis data for non-specialists who start a study combining financial data and deep learning time series algorithm.