• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E may play a preventive role in the development of cancer and coronary heart disease. The status of vitamins C and E may be affected by lifestyle habits such as smoking , drinking, and exercise. These habits can modify the dietary requirements of vitamin C and vitamin E. the purpose of this study was to determine whether Korean young healthy men and women consume vitamins C and E in sufficient quantities relative to their lifestyle habits. Among the participants in this study, 52% of the men and none of the women were smokers. ; 84% of all subjects drank alcohol more than once a week ; and the men exercised more often than the women. The concentrations of serum total , HDL-, and LDL- cholesterol were higher in the women than in the men, but the serum triglyceride concentrations were higher in the men than in the women. The men consumed less satuated fat than the women (p<0.05) . The daily intakes of vitamin C for the men and the women were 47.1mg and 65.6mg, respectively. On the other hand , the daily vitamin E intake was higher in the men (11.8mg) than women(6.9mg). The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations of all subjects were in a normal range, and in no subjects were they below the minimum value of ranges. However, about 19% of male subjects and 10% of female subjects showed deficient status, although the mean serum vitamin C levels were normal . Lifestyle habits fo the sort mentioned above have little influence on the serum vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations. The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration had a positive correlation with total fat and alcohol consumption. The serum vitamin C concentration was positively associated with regular exercise, but it was negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. Meanwhile, the serum lipid persoxide concentration , the indirect index of oxidative stress, was influenced by certain variable such as body mass index , the number of cigarettes smoked , alcohol consumption, energy expenditure, vitamin C intake, and serum ${\gamma}$-tocopherol concentration. Serum lipid peroxide concentration was positively associated with body mass index, the number of cigarette smoked , serum triglyceride , and HDL-cholesterol concentration. In conclusion , the vitamin E requirements of the subjects were met by the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) regardless of lifestyle habits. However, serum vitamin C concentrations showed individual variation and was below the normal ranges. Smoking and exercise influenced serum vitamin C concentration. Therefore, a reevaluation of the requirements of vitamin C relative to lifestyle habits is necessary.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2012

가구의 지속적인 승용차 보유 증가로 인한 승용차 이용 증대는 교통부문에서의 온실가스 감축 목표 달성에 큰 장애요인으로 작용하고 있다. 특히 가구의 승용차 통행수요는 가구원수, 가구소득, 거주지역 등 다양한 가구특성에 의해 결정되기 때문에 이러한 가구특성 변수들이 승용차 통행수요에 미치는 영향, 즉, 가구의 승용차 통행수요에 대한 탄력성 분석이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 1995부터 2007년까지의 가계동향조사 자료를 활용하여 가상패널자료를 구축하고, 이 자료를 토대로 패널모형을 추정하여 가구의 승용차 통행수요에 대한 장 단기 가격 및 소득탄력성을 추정하였다. 실증분석결과, 승용차 통행수요의 단기 가격탄력성은 0.2974~0.4280, 장기 가격탄력성은 0.4087~0.6275로 분석되었고, 단기 소득탄력성은 0.3364~0.6281, 장기 소득탄력성은 0.7098로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 도출된 승용차 통행수요에 대한 장 단기 가격 및 소득탄력성 추정결과는 향후 교통수요관리 정책의 효과를 분석하는 데 정량적 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O₂ consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO₂ and VCO₂. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg^0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg^0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1973

With the object of the study id every possible correlation between daily food intake and growth rate of primary school students, aged eleven years old, the author distributed prepared questionnaires through 200 children of 5th grade in both sexes in K private primary school, Seoul. Specific object of this study were included following three points: such as daily food intake records for six days. daily food intake records for six days. school records of sample children at the end of 4th grade. physical growth index calculated by means of weight and height of sample children at the first part of the 5th grade. CR. t. F. test as well as percentage calculations were included for statistical analysis. The result of this study were as follows: 1. For the living circumstances a) Average numbers of brother and sister in sampled family were two to three. b) Approximately 50%of the children were brought up by mother's milk at their infants and about 35% of children were weaned at the age of 7 to 12 months. c) Thirty to forty percent of the respondents revealed irregulity in their meal time due to early school time in the morning. d) Monthly average expenditure for daily food reached 20 to 29% out of total income. e) The most favorit foods reflect as follows: The most favorit main dish is boiled rice mixed with other careals and side dish beaf. Fruits and juice are more popular snack among whole children. 2. Nutrition survey a) The calcium and thiamine were the most limited factors out of daily nutrients consumption. b) The total calory intake were composed of carbohydrate 63%, protein 16% and fat 21% respectively. c) The total food intake were composed of 20 to 24% of animal source of foods and 76 to 80% of plant source of foods (vegetables, grains, fruits) d) The total protein intake were composed of 46% of animal protein and 54% of others. e) The grain stuffs consumed in the largest quantity at the level of 50% out whole food groups. f) Twenty four percent of total food intake came from snack between meal time. 3. The result of statistical analysis were as follows: a) The correlation between the calory intake and plysical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of p<0.001. b) The correlation between the protein intake and physical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of p<0.001. c) The correlation between the meal time and physical growth index revealed statistical significancy at the level of 0.02

• 약학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs refer to medicines that are generally safe when used according to the product label. We aimed to assess and reflect upon changes in perception of health and health-related demands by decades in Korea according to the consumption and sales trends of OTC drugs. This study was conducted by literature search on the production and sale rankings of OTC drug market in Korea. Changes in the OTC drug market were analyzed and organized by decades to evaluate changes in drug demands and the influence of national and societal factors. There was a specific trend in the most popular drugs by decades. In the 1950s, drugs of top necessity were antibiotics and helminthics. In the 1960s, the pharmaceutical industry quickly grew and invigorators, such as Bacchus$^{(R)}$, Alps$^{(R)}$, Aronamin$^{(R)}$, were top manufactured drugs. Popularity of these invigorating drinks and vitamin products continued until the 1990s. In 1990s, sales of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ketotop Plaster$^{(R)}$, Trast Patch$^{(R)}$), and in 2000s, gum disease medicine (Insadol$^{(R)}$) and liver and intestine supplement (Ursa$^{(R)}$) were prominent. However, after the separation of prescribing and dispensing in 2000, the sales of OTC drugs decreased dramatically from 58.7% of the total market share in 1990s to 39.6% in 2000 and this trend has continued. In 2012, thirteen OTC drugs were allowed to be sold in convenience stores, and as the sales of health functional foods have been expanding beyond pharmacies, sales of invigorators and nutritional supplements in pharmacies have continued to decrease. As government's drug expenditure will continue to grow, reclassification of OTC drugs based on established safety information and deliberate team efforts on continued development of OTC drugs to meet the health demands of Koreans are required by the healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical industries, and the government.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to investigate the eating status and to analyze expenditures of the traditional fermented foods. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted from 370 housewives in Jeonbuk province and there were 300 usable samples(81.1%) valid for analysis. For the statistical analysis, the data was analyzed by $x^2$-test using SPSSIPC 12.0 for windows. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In the investigation on the eating status of the traditional fermented foods, Kimchi showed highest intake frequency(over once a day) and next Doenjang, Gochujang, Ganjang were consumed $2\;{\sim}\;3$ times per week. Jeotgal and Jangajji consumption showed the significant difference frequencies between the age groups(p < 0.001). The frequencies of using the home-made fermented foods were either similar or decreased, while the manufactured products were either similar or increased. The reasons behind the decreasing consumption were 'because of appetite change(47.0%)', 'the effect of western food(25.2%)' and 'dislike of salty food(17.4%)'. 90.7%(Kimchi), 54.9%(Doenjang), 54.8%(Gochujang), 53.2%(Cheongkukjang) of respondents knew the methods of preparation, while 62.5%(Ganjang), 41.1%(Jeotgal,) 31.2%(Jangajji) of respondents didn't know the methods of preparation. 2. In the analysis of the expenditure for the purchasing of the traditional fermented foods, most of the respondents procured Kimchi, Doenjang, Gochujang from their families or relatives, but they bought Ganjang, Jeotgal, Jangajji in the markets. And most of the respondents bought the fermented foods in the general merchandise stores or the department store except Kimchi. The places of buying Kimchi were specialty stores(34.6%), general merchandise stores or department stores(25.0%). Overall scores of satisfaction for the quality of manufactured fermented foods showed 3.29 of 5 - point scales. The average cost per month of Kimchi was 19,550won and Gochujang 7,878won, Doenjang 5,764won, Jeotgal 5,439won, Jangajji 5,412won, Ganjang(for soup) 4,714won, Cheongkukjang 4,677won, Ganjang(for seasoning) 4,464won, and total cost was 20,920won. The reasons behind purchasing the traditional fermented foods were 'because of convenience(58.4%)', 'no time to make by oneself(23.0%)' and 'for not knowing the making methods(12.8%)'. The problems of the manufactured traditional fermented foods were 'worry about safety of the raw materials or additives(71.2%)', 'lack of sanitation(12.0%)'. The most important thing considered in purchasing was 'materials and origins(86.6%)' and next 'quality(64.1%)' was another important thing.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 우리나라 성인을 대상으로 라면류에 대한 전반적인 섭취 실태 및 선호 정도를 고찰하고, 응답자의 일반적인 특성에 따른 섭취 현황의 차이를 규명하였다. 총 702명의 표본을 대상으로 카이스퀘어, t-test와 one-way ANOVA로 분석하였으며, Duncan's multiple test를 통해 사후 검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 우리나라 성인 중 54.1% 의 응답자가 라면류를 좋아한다고 응답하였고, 라면류 선호 정도는 $4.84{\pm}1.32$로 나타났다. 남성과 연령이 낮을수록 라면류를 선호하였으며, 선호 이유로는 편의성이 가장 많았고 반면 영양에 좋지 않아서가 라면을 기피하는 가장 큰 이유로 선정되었다. 라면류 섭취 현황을 조사한 결과 라면의 섭취 빈도수로는 한 달에 2-3회 라면류를 섭취한다는 응답자가 가장 많았고, 라면류 섭취시간대는 점심이나 저녁 등 끼니 대용으로 라면류를 섭취한다고 답해 간식보다는 끼니 대용으로 라면류를 섭취하는 성인이 다수를 차지하는 것으로 조사되었다. 라면 섭취 시 라면 스프를 모두 첨가한다고 답한 응답자가 가장 많았고, 섭취하는 국물양은 1/2만 먹는다가 가장 많은 응답을 차지하였으며, 라면 국물을 기피하는 이유로는 건강에 해로우니까와 배불러서가 다수를 차지하였다. 응답자의 일반적인 특성에 따라 라면류 섭취 현황도 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 조사되었다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.51-62
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• 1992

본고(本稿)의 목적(目的)은 소비함수(消費函數)의 추정(推定)을 통하여 사업소득세(事業所得稅) 과소보고규모(過小報告規模)를 추계하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본고(本稿)는 "도시가계조사(都市家計調査)" 통계를 이용하여 1986~89년간 연도별 소비함수(消費函數)를 추정한 후 사업소득(事業所得) 및 사업소득세(事業所得稅)의 과소보고의 정도를 추계하였다. 이 결과 사업소득의 과소보고율(過小報告率)은 평균소득수준에 8~12%, 그 상한이 11~25%에 이르는 것으로 추계되었고, 사업소득세의 과소보고율(過小報告率)은 보고된 소득의 2~14% 수준에, 그리고 납부세액(納付稅額)의 13~39%에 이르는 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 사업소득세 과소보고의 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 제도적(制度的) 과소보고(過小報告) 유인(誘因)이 상존하는 현행 사업소득 과세제도가 장기적으로 납세자의 신고로써 과세가 결정되는 신고제도(申告制度)로 이행되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 소비함수(消費函數)를 추정하는 과정에서 부수적으로 두가지 실증적(實證的) 분석결과(分析結果)를 얻었다. 하나는 사업소득이 낮은 계층에서 오히려 과대보고(過大報告)의 가능성이 있다는 것이고, 다른 하나는 가계소비(家計消費)에서 주택보유에 따른 부(富)의 효과(效果)가 존재하였다는 것이다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1999년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.214-223
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 외부경제요인을 고려할 수 있는 새로운 산업용지 수요예측 방법을 제시하는 것이다. 분석모형은 외생변수를 고려할 수 있는 ARIMA-X를 이용하였다. 외생변수는 경제 및 산업구조를 반영할 수 있도록 거시경제, 제조업 경기실사지수 및 경기종합지수 변수들로 구성된다. 그리고 예측은 외생변수 중 산업용지 공급보다 선행하는 변수만을 사용한다. 산업용지 공급에 선행성을 갖는 변수는 수입액, 민간·정부소비지출, 총자본형성, 경제심리지수, 기계류내수출하지수, 경기종합선행지수로 나타났다. 이들 변수를 이용하여 ARIMA-X 모형을 추정한 결과, 수입액 변수만 포함된 ARIMA-X(1,1,0) 모형이 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 산업용지 수요예측은 수입액의 변화 시나리오를 반영하여 2021년부터 2030년까지의 산업용지를 예측하였다. 그 결과, 장래 산업용지 수요는 연평균 1.91% 증가한 1,030.79 km²로 예측되었다. 이 결과를 기존 지수평활법과 비교한 결과, 본 연구의 결과가 기존 모형보다 예측오차가 더 적게 나타났다. 새로운 산업용지 예측모형으로 사용가능할 것으로 기대된다.