• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify useful predictors for diagnosing bacterial meningitis and performing CSF studies in febrile infants three months or younger. Methods : Six hundred and fifty two febrile infants with a rectal temperature ${\geq}38.0^{\circ}C$ presented from January 2003 to April 2008 and were retrospectively studied. The total white blood cell count (WBC), band count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood cultures were performed on admission. The clinical variables associated with bacterial meningitis were analyzed. Results : In patients with bacterial meningitis, the clinical variables including CRP (P=0.036), band count (P=0.037), ANC (P=0.036) and age (P=0.001) were significantly different. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.969 for CRP, 0.946 for the band count, 0.765 for the ANC and 0.235 for age. A CRP cutoff point of 8 mg/dL was determined to maximize both the sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 83%, specificity 95%, likelihood ratio 16.6). A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL "ruled-out" bacterial meningitis, with a likelihood ratio of 0.17, a posttest probability of <0.1% and negative predictive value 91%. A CRP concentration greater than 9 mg/dL had a much higher likelihood ratio (20.1) than the band count (16.6) and ANC (2.2). Conclusion : The CRP concentration was a useful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants three months of age or younger. A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL effectively ruled out bacterial meningitis; a value ${\geq}9mg/dL$ increased the clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis and the need for CSF evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of microorganisms associated with dressed broiler with intact skin and without skin at different frozen storage periods such as 0, 10, 20, 30 days and to demonstrate the role of packaging and pretreatment chilling on the changes of carcass quality. The values of total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total streptococcal count (TStC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) were determined for meat samples of thigh and breast and swab samples of visceral surfaces of the broilers with intact skin and without skin. It was observed that the values of TVC, TCC, TStC and TSC in both cases of dressed broiler with intact skin and without skin exceeded the International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods. However, numbers of microorganisms were considerably decreased during the frozen storage. Packing and prechilled conditions were generally better effective in decrease of the loads of microorganisms than without packing and prechilled conditions, and lower bacterial numbers were also found in dressed broiler with intact skin than that without skin. The highest sensory panel score was obtained at 10 days of frozen storage. These results, thus, indicate that usages of appropriate periods and conditions of frozen storage and packaging systems can minimize the potential health hazards associated with contaminants gaining access to the dressed or processed broilers and improve the quality and shelf life of dressed broilers.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.2 s.94
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• pp.119-125
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• 2001

Total bacterial density was investigated in the main stream and tributaries of the Kyongan Stream and inlet parts of Paltang Reservoir from September 2000 to February 2001 by acridine orange direct count (AODC) method. Total bacterial number in the Kyongan Stream was mainly under influence of the effluent discharge of sewage wastewater treatment plant (SWTP) located in the upstream or downstream. Decreasing rate with water flowing distance (km) in the main stream is $0.13\;{\time}\;10^6$ cells/ml, and it was estimated to much accumulating quantity on the stream bed during transport to downstream. Average values of total bacterial number in September${\sim}$October, November and December${\sim}$February were range $1.74{\sim}3.10{\time}10^6$, $1.86{\sim}7.30{\time}10^6$ and $4.56{\sim}8.75{\time}10^6$cells/ml, respectively, and were high at low temperature than that of high temperature period. Total bacterial number was more abundant at below $10^{\circ}C$ with $2.1{\sim}3.0$ folds than at above $10^{\circ}C$. Water quality by total bacterial number was classify to eutrophic and the potential of wastewater treated effluent for the microbial contamination assessed to very high. The results of this study indicate that the management of point source, SWTP effluent, is urgent to mitigate bacterial impact of Paltang Reservoir as well as the Kyongan Stream.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.852-862
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of ionophore enriched cold processed mineral block supplemented with urea molasses on microbial growth and rumen fermentation. Twelve adult male crossbred cattle were divided into four groups on body weight basis. Animals were given wheat straw as a basal diet. The animals of group I and II were supplemented with concentrate mixture and animals of group III and IV were supplemented with cold processed urea molasses mineral block (UMMB). Thirty mg monensin/day/animal were supplemented to the animals of group II and 35 ppm monensin were incorporated in the UMMB supplemented to the animals of group IV. Dry matter (DM) intake did not differ significantly among groups. Mean rumen pH was higher in UMMB fed animals. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration (mmole/L strained rumen liquor (SRL) in group III (113.19) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of group I (105.83) and II (108.74) but similar to group IV (109.34). TVFA production (mole/day) was similar in all the groups. The molar proportion of acetate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (59.56) than those of group II (51.73) and IV (55.91) but similar to group III (57.12). The molar proportion of propionate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the monensin treated groups i.e. group II (38.38) and IV (36.26) than those of group I (27.78) and III (33.06). Butyrate molar percent was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group I (12.65) than those of group II (10.19), group III (9.83) and IV (7.84). The reduction of acetate and butyrate was due to UMMB and monensin resulted in lower A:P ratio. Average bacterial pool and bacterial production rate did not differ significantly among groups. Total N concentration (mg/100 ml SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (55.30) and III (57.70) as compared to the group II (47.97) and IV (47.59). Ammonia-N concentration (mg/100 ml SRL) of group III (34.99) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group I (25.76) which was again significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group II (20.79) and IV (19.83) indicating slower release of ammonia due to monensin in diet. Total bacterial, cellulolytic, proteolytic bacterial and fungal count at 4 h post feeding did not differ significantly (p<0.05) among treatment groups. However, methanogenic bacterial count was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (11.80) compared to the group II (8.43) which was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group III (4.70) and IV (2.90). Average protozoal population was affected by both treatments. Thus feeding of UMMB and monensin in diet affected the rumen fermentation pattern towards propionate production, slower release of ammonia and reduction in methanogenic bacteria in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2009

This study examined the therapeutic effects of aromatherapy for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs. Eleven dogs with otitis externa were examined. The control group (5 dogs) was treated with susceptible antibiotics, and the experimental group (6 dogs) was treated with aroma-oil applied topically to the ear canal. The aroma-oil contained 10 ml sweet almond oil, 0.3 ml bergamot oil, 0.2 ml lavender oil, 0.1 ml tea tree oil and 0.1 ml roman chamomile oil. The blended aroma-oil (0.1 ml) was applied to the ear canal twice daily for 2 weeks. The authors examined the changes in the clinical signs, bacterial count in discharges, total WBC count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios in the two groups. The bacterial cell counts in the experimental group were significantly lower at one (p < 0.01) and two weeks (p < 0.05) after treatment than the control group. These results suggest that aromatherapy is an effective and practical treatment for otitis externa in dogs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2021

This study evaluated the changes in the pH, acidity, lactobacillus and total bacterial counts, and sensory evaluation of Dolsan leaf mustard Kimchi (DLMK) after incubation for 50 days at 4℃ in the presence of one of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB); Weissella kimchii (W.k.), Leuconostoc gelidum (L.g.), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L.m.). The pH ranged from 5.12 to 5.62 and the acidity varied from 0.62% to 3.77% upon the addition of a 2% salt solution to the DLMK prepared using the three LAB. Overall, the LAB counts decreased rapidly from day 10 to day 20 of fermentation, whereas the total bacterial count decreased during the 50 days of fermentation. The pH and acidity in the DLMK ranged from 5.22 to 5.61 and from 0.91% to 4.41%, respectively, in the absence of the 2% salt solution. The LAB count decreased until 20 days and then increased thereafter, whereas the total bacterial count decreased until 20 days and then increased until 50 days. The condiments treated with or without the 2% salt solution showed a gradual decrease in appearance, flavor, salinity, hot taste, and overall acceptability as fermentation time increased. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity was high for 2% W. k. and 2% L. m., and ACE inhibitory activity was the highest, at 70.38% in the marinated condiments fermented at 10℃ for 8 days. Thus, this condiment production method may be useful for DLMK and other Kimchi types.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.964-969
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• 2006

The efficacy of garlic extract and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in the treatment of endometritis in cows was evaluated. A total of 26 parous cows affected with endometritis were randomly allocated into three groups. Group I (n = 10) animals were infused (IU) with 10 ml garlic extract mixed with 90 ml normal saline, three times at 12 h interval starting from the day of estrum, whereas the animals of Group II (n = 10) were treated with a single injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ (25 mg Lutalyse) on the $10^{th}$ to $12^{th}$ day after estrus, and group III (n = 6) remained as control. Cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) was collected from each animal at pre- and post-treatment estrus and subjected to white side test, pH determination and total bacterial load. The clinical recovery of cows was assessed by negative white side test reaction, pH value and total bacterial count of CVM at subsequent estrus. The recovered animals were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen twice at 12 h intervals and pregnancy was confirmed at 45-60 days following insemination. A significant decline (p<0.05) in pH of CVM was observed in both the treatment groups at subsequent estrus. After treatment there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in bacterial load, whereas, it was increased in control group. A total number of 65 isolates were identified in CVM samples comprising mostly of facultative anaerobic bacteria. Plasma $T_4$ and $T_3$ concentrations were increased in all the treated animals, whereas, a decline was observed in cortisol levels following treatment. The overall conception rate was 50% in treated groups as compared to nil pregnancy in the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1733-1738
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• 2017

Objective: Different dry-aging methods [traditional dry-aging (TD), simplified dry-aging (SD), and SD in an aging bag (SDB)] were compared to investigate the possible use of SD and/or SDB in practical situations. Methods: Sirloins from 48 Hanwoo cows were frozen (Control, 2 days postmortem) or dry-aged for 28 days using the different aging methods and analyzed for chemical composition, total aerobic bacterial count, shear force, inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) and free amino acid content, and sensory properties. Results: The difference in chemical composition, total aerobic bacterial count, shear force, IMP, and total free amino acid content were negligible among the 3 dry-aged groups. The SD and SDB showed statistically similar tenderness, flavor, and overall acceptability relative to TD. However, SDB had a relatively higher saleable yield. Conclusion: Both SD and SDB can successfully substitute for TD. However, SDB would be the best option for simplified dry-aging of low-marbled beef with a relatively high saleable yield.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

Objectives : This study has attempted to establish an organized system for the microbiological quality of raw materials which are important factors in preparing the standard for microbial limits. Methods : This study has first set up microbial contamination limit test. total aerobic microbial count and total fungi count, int accordance with testing method of the Korea Pharmacopeia 8th edition in order to establish an inspection standard for microbial contamination. Results : The microbial contamination of 18 items that are highly prone to contamination by three regions(Seoul, Daejeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do), As a result, Morus alba Linne and Rehmannia glutimosa Liboschitz var. purpurea Makino showed as high contaminated by WHO's Microbial Contamination Limit standard. In case of Yukjin medicine in the Theory of Herb Medicinal Properties, total bacterial contamination rate showed as 17.7%, total fungal contamination rate showed as 41.2% and total aerobic mircobial count and total fungi count on Ephedra sinica Stapf. Pinellia ternate Breitenbach, Evodia officinalis Dode showed as high measured. The microbial conatmination rate materials which make up Yukmijihwanghwan were mostly high therefore the total aerobic microbial count was measured as high in case of Yukmijihwanghwan, the characteristics about microbial contamination strain is to be researched. Conclusions : By combining the basic data and experimental results related to microbial contamination of herb medicine, the most ideal storage standards for herb medicine has been attempted to be presented.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.701-710
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of apios powder on the quality characteristics of sausages. The results were as follows: pH values of the sausages were not significantly different among the samples. The amount of moisture content in the sausages decreased with increasing amount of apios powder. Increase in apios powder increased the lightness (L) value but decreased redness (a) and yellowness (b) values. Increase in apios powder increased the hardness and chewiness of sausage but decreased the adhesiveness. Apios powder had no significant effect on gumminess and springiness of the sausages among all samples. Total phenolic compound content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of apios powder added sausage significantly increased with increasing apios powder. Total bacterial counts of apios powder added sausage increased in all the samples as storage period passes and after 4 weeks of storage, the more adding ratio of apios powder was increased, the total bacterial count decreased. In view of above results, apios powder was considered to be food material suitable not only for functionality but also for developing sausage product of which preservation property is improved. From the results, 100% apios powder can be used to make optimum level for production of sausage.