• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2001년도 Proceedings ICPE 01 2001 International Conference on Power Electronics
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• pp.741-745
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• 2001

Reliability and safety of steer-by-wire concepts can be achieved by redundant designs. This paper discusses the design of a fault tolerant concept for a force feedback actuator with a standard three-phase PMSM. In contrast to usual drives, the phases of the machine are separated electrically. This design allows driving the machine with two instead of three phases in case of a fault. A superimposed torque controller adjusts the influence of fault currents and torque harmonics in two-phase operation and guarantees smooth torque at the steering wheel

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2003

This paper includes real-time tractive force estimation method using standard vehicle sensors such as wheel speed, brake pressure, throttle position, engine speed, and transmission carrier speed sensor. Engine map, torque converter lookup table, shaft torque observer, and brake gain adaptation method are used to estimate the tractive force. To verify this estimator, measurement which uses strain-based brake torque sensor and estimation results are presented. All results was performed using a real vehicle in a real-time.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 제3회 압연심포지엄 논문집 압연기술의 미래개척 (Exploitation of Future Rolling Technologies)
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• pp.47-56
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• 1999

New rolling speed prediction model has been developed for the precise presetting rolling speed of each finishing mill stand in the tandem hot strip mill. Those factors such as neutral point, work roll diameter, rolling torque, friction coefficient, bite angle and the thickness at each side of entry and deliver of the rolls were taken into account. To consider width effect on forward slip, calibration factors obtained from rolling torque has been added to new prediction model and refining method has also been developed to reduce the speed unbalance between adjacent stands. The application of the new model showed a good agreement in rolling speeds between the predictions and the actual measurements, and the standard deviation of prediction error has also been significantly reduced.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1993년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.974-976
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• 1993

A design method of three phase induction motors that have characteristics of low starting current and high starting torque is proposed. This design method is based on the traditional theory related to the skin effect and the gap saturation effect. The starting performances and the analysis method are explained in short. Finally, comparison of example design data on electric hoist motor with standard motor is shown.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.537-549
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• 2001

The isometric torque of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured for 6 seconds at a joint angle of 90$^{\circ}$ , in 10 normal subjects (control group) and 10 hemiplegic subjects(patient group), using the Cybex NORMTM System. The peak torque, the time to peak torque were measured for each exercise. In addition, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded simultaneously at rest and immediately following exercise completion at 1 and 3m mutes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 8.0 for Windows software and mean and standard deviations were calculated. The results are as follows. 1) In the patient involved group. the isometric values for flexors and extensors were significantly lower than in the normal nondominant group(p<.05). 2) The extensor to flexor strength ratio in the isometric mode was 121.0% in the patient involved group compared with 78.7%in the normal nondominant group, a significant difference(p<.05). 3) The mean increment ratio was increased 19.0% for systolic blood pressure and 25.2% for disatolic blood pressure in the patient group. 4) The mean increment ratio was increased 36.0% heart rate in the patient group.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.512-519
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• 2016

In this study, the tire road friction estimation(TRFE) algorithm for controlling the rear wheel driving force of a 4WD vehicle during acceleration is developed using a standard sensor in an ordinary 4WD passenger car and a speed sensor. The algorithm is constructed for the wheel shaft torque, longitudinal tire force, vertical tire force and maximum tire road friction estimation. The estimation results of shaft torque and tire force were validated using a torque sensor and wheel force transducer. In the algorithm, the current road friction is defined as the proportion calculated between longitudinal and vertical tire force. Slip slop methods using current road friction and slip ratio are applied to estimate the road friction coefficient. Based on this study's results, the traction performance, fuel consumption and drive shaft strength performance of a 4WD vehicle are improved by applying the tire road friction estimation algorithm.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 골다공증이 있는 회전근개 파열 환자에서 상완골 골두에 표준 크기 (5.0 mm) 보다 작은 송곳 (awl) (3.7 mm 나사못용)을 사용해서 5.0 mm 나사못을 삽입하는 것이 표준 크기의 송곳과 6.5 mm 나사못을 삽입하는 것에 비해 토크 (torque)나 뽑힘 강도(pullout strength)에서 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 방부 처리된 12명, 24개의 짝지은 사체 견관절을 A군와 B군, 두 군으로 나누어 관심 부위의 골밀도를 측정한 후에 A군에서는 5.0 mm 나사못 삽입을 위해 3.7 mm 송곳 (awl)을 이용하는 경우를 A1군, 5.0 mm 나사못 삽입을 위해 5.0 mm 송곳을 이용하는 경우를 A2군으로 하였다. B군에서는 5.0 mm 송곳을 이용하여 5.0 mm 나사못을 삽입하는 경우를 B1군, 6.5 mm 나사못을 삽입하는 경우를 B2군으로 하여 나사못 삽입 시의 토크와 뽑힘 강도를 측정하였다. 결과: 골밀도는 A군과 B군 간이나 군내에 차이가 없었다. 토크는 A1군이 A2군보다 각각 20.6 $cN{\cdot}m$와 13.2 $cN{\cdot}m$로 유의한 차이를 보였고 (p<0.001), B1군과 B2군에서도 각각 12.1 $cN{\cdot}m$와 20.8 $cN{\cdot}m$로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.001). 그러나 증가된 정도의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. A1군과 A2군의 뽑힘 강도는 각각 204.2 N과 152.9 N으로 유의한 차이를 보였고 (p<0.001), B1군과 B2군에서도 149.5 N과 210.9 N으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.001). 그러나 증가된 정도의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 송곳 크기보다 큰 치수의 나사못을 사용하면, 같은 크기의 송곳과 나사못을 사용하는 경우 토크나 뽑힘 강도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 증가된 정도는 큰 송곳과 작은 송곳 간에 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 따라서 대결절의 footprint 내에 나사못과 나사못 사이의 거리가 충분하지 않은 경우에 5.0 mm 송곳을 이용하여 6.5 mm 나사못을 삽입하는 대신 3.7 mm 송곳을 이용하여 5.0 mm 나사못을 삽입해도 증가되는 뽑힘 강도는 차이가 없을 것으로 생각한다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2016

Many industries need the universal standard or technique to obtain the identical CCT regardless of specimen geometries. This study aimed to determine an appropriate applied torque to the cylindrical specimen defining the apparatus and the procedure to measure the temperature of initiating crevice corrosion in tubular shape products such as pipes, tubes and round rods etc; the test method also proved applicable to the plate type specimen. A series of experiments for CCT measurements with the plate type and cylindrical stainless steel specimens of various diameters with different microstructures (austenitic and duplex) and PRENs were conducted to determine the relationship among geometries on CCT. Thus, the apparatus that could measure the CCT of stainless steels with both plate and cylindrical geometries was newly designed. The use of the apparatus facilitated the same CCT value for both geometries only if the specimens were made of the same alloy. The applied torque can be calculated for various diameters of the cylindrical specimens using the following relation; Applied torque, $Nm=-0.0012D^2+0.019D+2.4463$ (D; the diameter of cylindrical specimen, mm). However, upwards of 35 mm diameter cylindrical specimens require 1.58Nm, which is the same torque for the plate type specimen; in addition, this test method cannot be used for cylindrical specimens of less than 15 mm diameter.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2016

본 연구는 스프링클러설비용 소방용 합성수지배관에서 누수원인으로 예측되는 과도 조임에 따른 밸브 소켓 나사부의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 밸브소켓 체결토크가 $10{\sim}130N{\cdot}m$일 때 나사부에 걸리는 응력, 변형률, 변위, Von mises stress 및 수밀용 고무패킹에 걸리는 압축응력을 예측하였으며, 이를 검증하기 위하여 토크미터를 이용한 체결토크별 접속 나사산 수, 밸브소켓과 고무패킹의 변형상태 및 수격실험을 실시하여 적정한 체결토크 값과 고무패킹 압축응력 값을 연구하였다. 본 연구 결과가 소방용 합성수지배관 누수방지를 위한 관련 규격 또는 기술기준 개정에 필요한 자료로 활용될 수 있도록 기대한다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.465-471
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stability of interface between Co-Cr-Mo (CCM) UCLA abutment and external hex implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixteen external hex implant fixtures were assigned to two groups (CCM and Gold group) and were embedded in molds using clear acrylic resin. Screw-retained prostheses were constructed using CCM UCLA abutment and Gold UCLA abutment. The external implant fixture and screw-retained prostheses were connected using abutment screws. After the abutments were tightened to 30 Ncm torque, 5 kg thermocyclic functional loading was applied by chewing simulator. A target of $1.0{\times}10^6$cycles was applied. After cyclic loading, removal torque values were recorded using a driving torque tester, and the interface between implant fixture and abutment was evaluated by scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The means and standard deviations (SD) between the CCM and Gold groups were analyzed with independent t-test at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. Fractures of crowns, abutments, abutment screws, and fixtures and loosening of abutment screws were not observed after thermocyclic loading. There were no statistically significant differences at the recorded removal torque values between CCM and Gold groups (P>.05). SEM analysis revealed that remarkable wear patterns were observed at the abutment interface only for Gold UCLA abutments. Those patterns were not observed for other specimens. CONCLUSION. Within the limit of this study, CCM UCLA abutment has no statistically significant difference in the stability of interface with external hex implant, compared with Gold UCLA abutment.