• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.8
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of a hydrofluoric acid (HA; solution of hydrogen fluoride [HF] in water)-based smart etching (SE) solution at an elevated temperature on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramics in terms of bond strength and morphological changes. Materials and Methods: Eighty sintered Y-TZP specimens were prepared for shear bond strength (SBS) testing. The bonding surface of the Y-TZP specimens was treated with 37% phosphoric acid etching at 20℃-25℃, 4% HA etching at 20℃-25℃, or HA-based SE at 70℃-80℃. In all groups, zirconia primers were applied to the bonding surface of Y-TZP. For each group, 2 types of resin cement (with or without methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate [MDP]) were used. SBS testing was performed. Topographic changes of the etched Y-TZP surface were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results were analyzed and compared using 2-way analysis of variance. Results: Regardless of the type of resin cement, the highest bond strength was measured in the SE group, with significant differences compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). In all groups, MDP-containing resin cement yielded significantly higher bond strength values than MDP-free resin cement (p < 0.05). It was also shown that the Y-TZP surface was etched by the SE solution, causing a large change in the surface topography. Conclusions: Bond strength significantly improved when a heated HA-based SE solution was applied to the Y-TZP surface, and the etched Y-TZP surface was more irregular and had higher surface roughness.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1999

Industrial design, as a traditional meaning, is based on the method of production by machine beginning with the Industrial Revolution. At present, the identity of design is in confusion with the development of computer and related medium technology. The new wave called 'cyber' has doubts about the hypothesis in the method of production by machine as the production method by machine had doubts about the hypothesis of the production method by handicraft long before. This thesis is a study on how computers and new media, such as virtual reality, change our environments and susceptibilities of life and design culture. The thesis is going to dismantle and reorganize the material-oriented classification based on the production method by machine through the discussion on cyberspace and culture, image. and text, virtual image and reality, and so on. Eventually this study finds out a topography and identity of the design in this changing age.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.218-238
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• 2013

The objective of my paper is to investigate historical change in concepts of medical geography and to present its historical vision. Modern medical geography was established in the name of medical topography in Europe where it had to control tropical diseases in the course of exploration and voyages for colonial interests. England developed medical geography in the name of sanitary reform, France did so for civilizing mission, and geomedicine prevailed in Germany. The twentieth century witnessed two traditions of medical geography, with focus on disease ecology and medical care system, respectively. In addition, the paper emphasizes the significance of cartography of disease as knowledge as power. As the identity of place becomes increasingly important in relation to health at the around of the twenty-first century, geography of health has emerged as a new promising discipline independently of medical and public health geography.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Whilst it is clear that increasing temperatures from global environmental change will impact the positions of alpine treelines, it is likely that a range of regional and local scaled factors will mediate the overall impact of global scale climate drivers. We summarized 12 categories of abiotic and biotic factors as 4 groups determining treeline positions. First, there are global factors related to climate-induced growth limitation and carbon limitation. Second, there are seven regional and local factors related to treeline dynamics including frost stress, topography, water stress, snow, wind, fire and non-fire disturbance. Third, species-specific factors can control treeline dynamics through their influence on reproduction and life history traits. Fourth, there are positive feedbacks in structuring the dynamics of treelines. Globally, the commonly accepted growth limitation hypothesis is that growth at a treeline is limited by temperature. Meanwhile, positive feedbacks between canopy cover and tree establishment are likely to control the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of many treelines. The presence of non-linear dynamics at treelines has implications for the use of treelines as barometers of climate change because the lagged responses and abrupt shifts inherent in non-equilibrium systems may combine to mask the overall climate trend.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-125
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• 2009

Statistical downscaled surface temperature datasets by employing the cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis and multiple linear regression method are examined. For evaluating the efficiency of this statistical downscaling method, monthly surface temperature of the ECMWF has been downscaled into monthly temperature having a fine spatial scale of ~20km over the Korean peninsula for the 1973-2000 period. Monthly surface temperature of the ECHOG has also been downscaled into the same spatial scale data for the same period. Comparisons of temperatures between two datasets over the Korean peninsula show that annual mean temperature of the ECMWF is about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the ECHOG. After applying to the statistical downscaling method, the difference of two annual mean temperatures reduces less than $1^{\circ}C$ and their spatial patterns become even close to each other. Future downscaled data shows that annual temperatures in the A1B scenario will increase by $3.5^{\circ}C$ by the late 21st century. The downscaled data are influenced by the ECHOG as well as observation data which includes effects of complicated topography and the heat island.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2002

A multichannel seismic survey was conducted in the southern Ayu Trough which is the only spreading boundary between the Philippine Sea and Caroline plates. The seismic system used in this study comprises of 2.46-l sleeve gun and a 12-channel streamer with a group interval of 6.25m. Migration technique was used to analyze seismic velocity, and poststack depth migration was applied to the stacked data. The sediment thickness obtained from the depth section tends to increase with distance from the spreading axis. Sedimentation rates are poorly constrainted in the study area. The apparent half-spreading rates estimated from the sediment thickness and sedimentation rate from DSDP hole on the caroline plate are 4.7mm/yr and 7.9mm/yr at $1^{\circ}24'N\;and\;0^{\circ}42'N$, respectively, which are fester than Previously suggested. On the basis of new oblique spreading geometry, the recalculated spreading rates are 5.4mm/yr and 9.1mm/yr at $1^{\circ}24'N\;and\;0^{\circ}42'N$, respectively. Seismic sections show that the topography is asymmetric across the Ayu Trough and the acoustic basement is rough. These features are consistent with the earlier suggestion that the Ayu Trough is a slow-spreading divergent boundary. A detailed examination of seismic profiles away from the axis shows that sediments can be divided into two layers which implies a possible change in the spreading rate anuor sedimentation condition during the formation of the trough.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1990

A numerical model is developed to predict the shoreline change by the coastal structures constructed. In order to describe the wave deformation at the shadow zone of the structure, the present model employs the mild-slope equation in steady state and the wave ray method using the coefficients of wave refraction, diffraction and shoaling. In the model results of shoreline changes for the various structures. it showed a qualitative agreement with the findings observed in the field such as tombolo, and the response of this model was found to be very sensitive to the longshore distribution of wave heights. It was also applied to a field area. From the results of the application this model is proved to be useful around the complex coastal structures and bottom topography.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2017

기후변화에 따른 이상가뭄과 홍수의 영향으로 하천의 수문과 수리적 요소가 변화되고 그로인해 발생하는 지형변화와 그에 따른 수질변화 분석이 필요하다. 낙동강의 효율적인 수질관리를 위해서는 수질과 더불어 유역관리도 함께 이루어져야 한다. 기후변화로 인한 가뭄이나 홍수 등 극한 사상이 보 같은 인공구조물이 설치되어 정체성 수역이 된 낙동강 수계에 어떠한 수질변화가 일어나는지에 대한 연구가 필요하며 이를 고려한 체계적이고 통합적인 수질관리대책이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 유역의 합천창녕보와 창녕함안보 구간에서 HadGEM3-RA RCP 4.5와 8.5를 적용하여 미래기후시나리오를 예측하여 수문분석을 수행하였다. 수문분석 결과인 유출량을 하상변동모형의 입력자료로 적용하여 상?하류 구간의 지형변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 지형변화가 수질에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 QUAL-MEV 수질모형을 적용하여 지형변화에 따른 수질분석의 상대적 비교를 통해 기후변화와 지형변화의 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 기후시나리오의 경우 HadGEM3-RA RCP 4.5 보다 8.5에서 강수가 6% 증가하는 결과를 나타내고 그에 따라 유출량도 증가하고 있다. 하상변동 분석결과, 유량이 많은 풍수년에 침식과 퇴적양상이 크게 나타나고 RCP 8.5에서 변동 폭이 크게 나타났다. 하천지형변화를 고려한 수질분석결과, 유량의 증가에 따라 수질도 개선되는 결과를 나타내고 있다.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.507-512
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• 2016

This study was conducted to classify agroclimatic zones in South Korea. To classify the agroclimatic zones, such climatic factors as amount of rainfall from April to May, amount of rainfall in October, monthly average air temperature in January, monthly average air temperature from April to May, monthly average air temperature from April to September, monthly average air temperature from December to March, monthly minimum air temperature in January, monthly minimum air temperature from April to May, Warmth Index were considered as major influencing factors on the crop growth. Climatic factors were computed from monthly air temperature and precipitation of climatological normal year (1981~2010) at 1 km grid cell estimated from a geospatial climate interpolation method. The agroclimatic zones using k-means cluster analysis method were classified into 6 zones.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2021

In this study, we analyzed the changes in the topographical landscape and the sedimentary environment to evaluate the ecological value of the Dongcheon Estuary and protect the wetland, and presented the conservation management method of the Dongcheon Estuary. Based on the result of topographical landscape analysis, agricultural land tended to decrease continuously, and artificial structures gradually increased. Moreover, in sediment analysis, the Dongcheon Estuary showed both the characteristics of river sediments and coastal sediments, and in some areas problems such as acidification and nutritional imbalance appeared. Therefore, in order to protect and manage the Dongcheon Estuary with high ecological value, it is necessary to limit the development around micro topography and minimize the artificial damage in the Dongcheon Estuary. In addition, efforts such as securing facilities for reducing pollutants and freshwater wetlands for pollutants, that flow in from nonpoint pollutants are required.