• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.306-326
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel fluoride uptake and anticariogenic effect following topical application with different physical form of fluoride and application time. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. While the 4-minute applicaton increased the enamel fluoride uptake significantly than 1-minute application regardless of physical form of applied topical fluoride agents, no siginificant difference could be found between foam and gel type when applied for the identical period of time. 2. The application time or the physical form of topical agents had no singificant influence on the reduction of caries lesion. 3. Based upon the above-mentioned results of this study, it cannot be concluded that the amount of enamel fluoride uptake has an absolute impact on the change of lesion depth. Therefore, the clinical application of 1-minute topical fluoride application which appears to have a similar anticariogenic efficacy to 4-minute fluoride application may be encouraged.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-22
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of topical fluoride gel application on dental caries prevention in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Methods: We searched the EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of self-applied or professionally applied topical fluoride gels in patients <18 years of age; the search was completed on April 1, 2018. All included trials involved an experimental group (fluoride gel application) and a control group (placebo or no treatment). The outcome measures were the D(M)FS and D(M)FT indices, which were compared between the two groups. Review Manager software was used for quantitative synthesis of the final selected articles, and a forest plot was generated via a meta-analysis conducted using a random effects model. Results: The results showed that the D(M)FS and D(M)FT indices were lower in the fluoride application group than in the control group, thus indicating that fluoride gel application was effective in dental caries prevention. We also performed a subgroup analysis to determine whether the effects of fluoride application differed if patients received oral prophylaxis (self or professional) before fluoride gel application. Therefore, the two groups showed slightly larger differences when studies without oral prophylaxis before fluoride gel application were considered; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: These findings should be utilized to raise awareness about the caries-prevention effects of topical fluoride application among patients and guardians. Further RCTs should evaluate the effects of fluoride application with or without preceding oral prophylaxis, and appropriate fluoride application guidelines should be developed to maximize the effects of fluoride application in clinical practice.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1971

본 저자는 삭제된 법랑질표면에 $8\%$ Stannous Fluoride $(SnF_2)$를 국소적으로 표면도포하여 1 mol의 lactate buffer solution에 넣어 비교표본과 탈회정도를 비교 관찰하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 일차 불소도포한 48시간후의 탈회정도는 비교표본과 차이는 보였으나 양종표본 모두 심한 탈회 상태를 보여주었다. 2. 이차 불소도포한 48시간후는 점차 그 탈회도는 감소했다. 3. 일차, 이차 불소도포한 288시간후의 탈회도의 차는 $0.24{\pm}0.0.3\;mm$인 불소처리 표본에 비해서 비교표본에서는 $0.66{\pm}0.03\;mm$의 차이를 나타냈다. 4. 결과적으로 법랑질표면 삭제부위에 불소도포를 주기적으로 실시하면서 불소가 함유된 치약을 계속적으로 사용하므로서 충치 발생율을 저하시킬 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권8호
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• pp.424-431
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• 2018

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an alkaline topical solution and it derives from the conjunction of silver nitrate and fluoride. It reduces the growth of cariogenic bacteria, inhibits degradation of dentinal collagen, impedes demineralization and enhances remineralization. It is inexpensive due to the low cost of materials and its application to dental surface is very simple and requires relatively short chair time. Previous studies have shown that the dental caries prevention effect of SDF is superior or similar to topical fluoride application. The main disadvantage of SDF is its esthetic result, and it permanently blacken carious enamel and dentin. The use of SDF has not yet been approved in Korea, but it may be helpful to prevent and treat dental caries in patients with special health care needs and uncooperative young patients.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.181-192
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• 1994

The effect of topical application on the number of S. mutans was tested in a group of 44 orthodontic patients (mean age, 12Y 3M). They were divided into 5 groups according to the method using NaF and $SnF_2$. The number of S. mutans CFU were counted in stimulated saliva of each subject at baseline, and after one, two, three, and eight weeks. The following results were obtained. 1. In NaF rinsing group, and NaF topical application and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was not significantly changed. 2. In $SnF_2$ topical application group, and $SnF_2$ topical and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was significantly reduced. 3. After 8 weeks, there were no significant reduction of the number of S. mutans in comparison with baseline.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.148-172
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• 1997

Sixty human premolar teeth were used for this in vitro study. After each tooth was sectioned mesiodistally, one half was used for the experimental group and the other half for the control. Three groups were made for each fluoride applying method and twenthy teeth were assigned to each group. Ten teeth were used for evaluating total fluoride amount and the other ten were used for firmly-bound fluoride. Fluorshield was used for fluoride-releasing sealant and 1.23% APF, 0.05% NaF were used for topical application fluorides. Each tooth was cleaned with a tooth brush using nonfluoride containing pumice before the experiment. In the sealant group, fluoroshield was applied to the enamel surface without etching procedure and stored in $37^{\circ}C$ saline for 30 days. After 30 days, sealant was removed with explorer without scratching the enamel surface and washed with distilled water and dried. In the APF group, each tooth was immersed in 1.23% APF for 30 min then washed and dried in the same manner. In the NaF group, each tooth was immersed in 0.05% NaF for 24 hours then washed and dried as described above. After each fluoride regimen was applied, ten teeth were randomly selected from each group and immersed in 1M KOH solution for 24 hours to remove loosely-bound fluoride possibly deposited by the three different fluorides applied. In each group, total fluoride amount deposited and the amount of enamel removed by acid biopsy were calculated. After loosely-bound fluoride was removed, firmly-bound fluoride deposited and the amount of enamel removed by acid biopsy were also calculated. Total fluoride amount deposition was significantly increased in the APF and NaF groups, but not in the sealant group. Amount of enamel removed by acid-biopsy was also significantly diminished in the APF and NaF groups, but not in the sealant groups. After loosely-bound fluoride was removed from each groups, no statistical difference was found in the amount of firmly-bound fluoride in any groups. Also no effect of firmly-bound fluoride on enamel dissolution was shown in any groups after loosely-bound fluoride was removed from each group. In conclusion, topical application method of APF or NaF is more effective than fluoride-releasing sealant application to make $CaF_2$ coating on enamel surface and $CaF_2$ coating is the main source for anticariogenic effect of fluoride. However, longterm anticariogenic effect of fluoride-releasing sealant should be further evaluated.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2015

본 연구는 향후 건강보험 급여화 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 시행되었으며, 구강보건인력의 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화에 대한 인식 및 요구를 조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화를 찬성(적극찬성 포함)하는 치과의사, 치과위생사는 각각 92.5%, 90.8%로 나타났고, 반대(강력히 반대 포함)하는 경우는 7.5%, 9.2%로 나타났다. 구강보건인력의 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화에 대한 찬성 이유는 치아우식증 예방이라는 응답이 치과의사는 72.5%, 치과위생사는 72.8%로 가장 많았다. 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화에 대한 반대 이유는 치과의사는 수입감소(38.5%)가, 치과위생사는 치과위생사 부족으로 업무과중화(46.2%)라는 응답이 가장 많았다. 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화시 적절한 연령은 초 중 고등학생(8~19세)이라는 응답이 치과의사에서 43.2%, 치과위생사에서 45.7%로 가장 많았다. 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화시 적절하다고 생각하는 본인부담금(평균값)은 APF겔, NaF, $SnF_2$용액 도포의 경우 치과의사가 25,782원, 치과위생사는 14,282원이었고 불소바니쉬도포는 치과의사가 31,705원, 치과위생사는 17,979원이었으며, 불소이온도입법은 치과의사는 40,156원, 치과위생사는 21,210원인 것으로 나타났다. 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화시 급여인정 횟수에 대해 치과의사에서는 무제한 급여(37.5%)가, 치과위생사에서는 2회(31.3%)라는 응답이 가장 많았다. 전문가불소도포는 우식예방효과가 매우 크고 이로 인한 건강보험 재정 절감효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라 장기적으로 전 국민의 구강건강증진 및 삶의 질 향상에 크게 기여할 것이라 생각되므로 건강보험 요양급여에 예방치과진료 항목으로 전문가불소도포가 포함되어야 하며, 전문가불소도포 건강보험 급여화시 대상 및 본인부담금은 구강보건인력의 의견을 적극적으로 반영하여 설정되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2010

Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, which are caused by complex actions of oral such factors as the bacteria, food, tooth, saliva and other factors. Although this is one of the typical oral diseases, we can acquire a high prophylactic effect by use of proper prophylactic measures and management. At the beginning of the 1940s, fluorine was first introduced to prevent dental caries which now is widely used. The fluorine application effects are varied from different concentrations and categories of fluorine, and different application method and frequency, etc. There is great debate on the best application method at the present. Dental clinics use iontophoresis as the application method and use it clinically. It uses APF (1.23%, Acidulated phosphate fluoride, APF) and uses 2% NaF so as to encourage more absorption of fluorine. Recently, fluoride varnish, which uses admixture mucus of colophony resin into 5% NaF, and a variety of forms that can be applied in the oral cavity are still being continuously researched. When using fluoride topical application on the enamel surface, it was highly recommended that fluoride varnish be used directly after fluoride iontophoresis rather than fluoride iontophoresis only or fluoride varnish by itself. The new method is more effective and does not need repeated application.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2007

복합레진 수복은 치아우식 및 치아우식 예방치료를 위한 대표적인 술식으로 소아치과 영역에서 널리 시행되고 있으며 불소도포는 치아우식 예방을 위한 대표적인 술식으로 1년에 2번 장도 실시되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 이점에도 불구하고 Acidulated phosphate fluoride(APF)가 복합 레진의 표면을 거칠게 한다는 부작용에 대한 논란이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 불소도포가 복합레진의 표면에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 시판용 레진인 Solitaire $2^{(R)}$(Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), Metafil $CX^{(R)}$(Sun medical, Japan), Composan $LCM^{(R)}$(Promedica, Germany), $Charmseal^{(R)}$(DenKist, Korea)을 이용하여 시편을 제작하고, 불소젤은 $Topex^{(R)}$(Sultan Dental Products, Canada)를 각각 1분과 4분동안 도포시킨 후 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 불소젤을 도포시키지 않은 대조군에서 가장 평활한 표면을 보였으며 1분군, 4분군 순으로 표면 거칠기가 증가하였다. 그리고 Composan $LCM^{(R)}$을 제외한 모든 제품에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 국소도포용 불소젤을 도포한 각 레진 시편의 무게 차이를 비교한 결과 대조군, 1분군, 4분군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 3. 주사전자현미경 관찰시 불소젤을 도포시킨 실험군은 대조군에 비해 거친 표면을 나타내었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.212-222
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• 2004

치아 우식의 예방에 있어서 불소 도포는 효과적인 방법으로 재광화를 촉진하고 탈회를 억제한다. APF gel은 전문가 불소도포용으로 가장 일반적인 방법이었으나 최근 fluoride varnish가 소개되면서 그 사용이 증가되고 있다. 이번 연구의 목적은 fluoride varnish와 acidulated phosphate fluoride(APF) gel이 인공우식 병소에 미치는 영향을 시편의 화학적 고정이나 절단 없이 미세전산화 단층 촬영과 3차원 영상을 이용하여 재광화 효과를 비교해 보고자 함이다. 48개의 우식이 없는 건전한 영구 소구치에 인공우식을 유발하고 각 군당 16개씩, 세 군으로 나누었다. 1군은 대조군으로 어떠한 처치도 시행하지 않았다. 2군은 APF gel을 도포하고 1분 후에 gel을 거즈로 제거하여 수세하고 3군은 fluoride varnish를 도포한 후 45분 후에 얇은 varnish 막을 외과용 칼로 조심스럽게 제거하였다. 그 후 각 시편을 50ml의 인공타액에 3개월 동안 담그어 둔 후 그 사이 기간동안 매달 미세전산화 단층 촬영을 이용하여 3차원 영상을 얻었다. 3차원 영상분석 프로그램으로 재광화 부위의 밀도를 측정하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모든 군에서 시간이 지남에 따라 인공우식 부위의 밀도는 증가하였다. 2. APF gel군과 fluoride varnish군에서 한 달, 두 달, 세 달 후 밀도가 대조군보다 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 3. APF gel군과 fluoride varnish군에서 처치전과 처치 한 달 후의 밀도 차이가 대조군보다 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 높았으며 fluoride varnish군에서 처치 한 달 후와 처치 두달 후의 밀도 차이가 대조군과 APF gel군보다 유의성 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 4. Fluoride varnish가 APF gel보다 불소 처치 후 두 달, 세 달 후 재광화 효과가 더 우수하였고 오래 지속되었다.