• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 2007

Pine bark extract is well-known as a very powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic material. French maritime pine bark extract ($Pycnogenol^{(R)}$) of Horphag Research has monopolized the world market over 30 years. Korean red pine bark extract ($Pinexol^{(R)}$) was first manufactured by the patent technology of NutraPharm in Korea in 2006. Feasibility of topical gel and patch formulations of Pinexol was systematically investigated by evaluating the skin absorption of catechin as a reference compound. In vitro hairless mouse skin absorption of catechin from gel formulation was higher than that from patches. However, significant amount of catechin was also deposited inside the skin from patch formulations, which were dependent on the types of pressure sensitive adhesives. Thus, it seems to be feasible to control the topical delivery of Pinexol by using both gel and patch formulations, and be necessary to conduct further systematic investigation.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.525-529
• /
• 1994

Antiinflammatory activity of an 1% flurbiprofen transdermal gel was evaluated using the carrageenan-Induced rat paw edema method. The application of 50 mg of the gel on the rat hind paw, at various time intervals from 0 to 24 hrs before the carrageenan injection, significantly inhibited edema formation in all groups of dosed rats, indicating that the antiinflammatory activitv was maintained up to 24 hrs after the transdermal application of the 1% flurbiprofen gel. The topical $ED_{50}$ of flurbiprofen in the gel was 1.0 mg/kg, whereas the oral $ED_{50}$ of the drug in a suspension was 1.7 mg/kg.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.153-165
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the body fat breakdown during topical seaweed extract treatment and in combination with the iontophoresis method to enhance skin absorption of lipolytic compounds. Of 14 female obesity subjects, 7 treated a gel types of seaweed extract only(control group) and 7 treated in combination with the iontophoresis(experimental group). Topical treatment of each sample was designed for 2 weeks, treated with 2 times a day about $10m{\ell}$ on the abdomen, triceps and thigh, respectively. Experimental group treat with the iontophoresis during 5 minutes immediately after topical treatment. After one and two weeks of topical treatment, measured body fat, skinfolds thickness, body circumference respectively. Then venous blood samples were taken and analyzed serum lipids. The results were as follows; 1) There were decrement of body weight, $\%$ of body fat, abdomen, triceps and thigh circumference and abdomen, triceps and thigh thickness between pre and post treatment in both group. These decrement were predominant in the iontophoresis treated group. Especially, there were $16\%$ of body fat decrement in the experimental group after two weeks iontophoresis treatment(control group VS experimental group = $33.54{\pm}2.70$ VS $28.37{\pm}3.38$, p<0.01). 2) There were decrement in total CHOL, LDL, TRIG and increment in HDL in both group. These phenomena were predominant in the iontophoresis treated group. CHOL decrement in the experimental group were significant after two weeks iontophoresis treatment(control group VS experimental group = $190.24{\pm}34.36$ VS $157.76{\pm}24.45$, p<0.001). These results suggest that the topical treatment of seaweed extract effective for fat breakdown and maximized in the combination with the topical seaweed extracts treatment and the iontophoresis.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the subacute transdermal toxicity of Syndella gel, a new topical drug containing deproteinized dialysate of calf's blood and micronomicin sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Three doses (1.97, 3.94, 7.88 g/kg) of Syndella gel was daily treated transdermally to male and female rats for 30 days. No death was occurred in either control or treated rats. No significant toxic clinical signs and body weight change were not observed at any doses in the male or female rats treated. There were no significant alterations in hematologic and biochemical parameters in both sexes, however slight increase of potassium concentration was observed in 3.94g/kg and 7.88 g/kg female groups. No significant necrotic changes were not observed in examined organs. This study showed that up to 7.88g/kg Syndella gel did not induce subacute transdermal toxicity.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.262-274
• /
• 1999

구강내의 불소농도를 증가시키는 여러 방법에는 불화된 상수도를 섭취하거나 불소보조제를 복용하는 전신적 투여방법과 불소치약, 불소양치액, 불소젤의 도포와 같은 국소적 투여방법이 있다. 그동안 다양한 delivery system을 통한 국소도포용 불소제제가 임상적으로 우식증을 예방하는데 도움이 된다는 사실이 확인되었다. 최근의 연구에서 불소의 항우식효과는 치아주위의 oral fluid environment속에서 불소의 중요성을 지적하고 있다. 비자극성 전타액내 불소농도는 주어진 시간동안 치면과 상호작용이 가능한 aqueous phase의 불소를 나타낸다고 한다. 따라서 타액내의 불소 농도를 조사함으로써 간접적으로 우식예방효과에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 우식증예방을 위해 환자에게 여러 가지 국소도포방법 중 한 가지를 추천하기에 앞서 이들 각 방법이 타액내 불소농도를 증가시키는데 얼마나 효과적인지 알 필요가 있다. 이에 저자는 국소적 불소도포후 구강내 불소의 잔류량과 시간별 농도를 비교하고자 현재 국내에서 많이 쓰이고 있는 서로다른 네가지 불소제제를 사용하고 난 뒤 시간변화에 따른 타액내 불소농도를 HMDS를 이용한 확산법과 불소이온전극을 사용하여 측정하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 비자극성 혼합타액내 평균 불소농도는 $0.0152ppm{\pm}0.0091ppm$이었으며, 비자극성 타액분비율은 0.34-0.36ml/min으로 각군간에 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 2. 불소제제 사용직후를 제외하고는 모든 구간에서 타액내 불소 농도는 APF gel군>neutral gel군>불소양치액군>불소치약군의 순이었고, 불소처치 120분 경과후 불소치약군의 타액내 불소농도가, 180분 경과후 불소양치액군의 불소농도가 대조군과 통계적 유의차를 보이지 않은 반면, 6시간 경과후까지 APF gel군과 neutral gel군의 타액내 불소농도가 대조군에 비해 유의성있게 높게 유지되었다(p<0.05). 3. 불소제제 사용직후부터 120분 경과후까지 타액내 잔류불소량($AUC_{0-120min}$)은 neutral gel군>APF gel군>불소양치액군>불소치약군의 순이었고, neutral gel군과 APF gel군이 대조군과 나머지 두 군에 비해 유의하게 높은 값을 보였다(p<0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.306-326
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel fluoride uptake and anticariogenic effect following topical application with different physical form of fluoride and application time. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. While the 4-minute applicaton increased the enamel fluoride uptake significantly than 1-minute application regardless of physical form of applied topical fluoride agents, no siginificant difference could be found between foam and gel type when applied for the identical period of time. 2. The application time or the physical form of topical agents had no singificant influence on the reduction of caries lesion. 3. Based upon the above-mentioned results of this study, it cannot be concluded that the amount of enamel fluoride uptake has an absolute impact on the change of lesion depth. Therefore, the clinical application of 1-minute topical fluoride application which appears to have a similar anticariogenic efficacy to 4-minute fluoride application may be encouraged.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.212-222
• /
• 2004

치아 우식의 예방에 있어서 불소 도포는 효과적인 방법으로 재광화를 촉진하고 탈회를 억제한다. APF gel은 전문가 불소도포용으로 가장 일반적인 방법이었으나 최근 fluoride varnish가 소개되면서 그 사용이 증가되고 있다. 이번 연구의 목적은 fluoride varnish와 acidulated phosphate fluoride(APF) gel이 인공우식 병소에 미치는 영향을 시편의 화학적 고정이나 절단 없이 미세전산화 단층 촬영과 3차원 영상을 이용하여 재광화 효과를 비교해 보고자 함이다. 48개의 우식이 없는 건전한 영구 소구치에 인공우식을 유발하고 각 군당 16개씩, 세 군으로 나누었다. 1군은 대조군으로 어떠한 처치도 시행하지 않았다. 2군은 APF gel을 도포하고 1분 후에 gel을 거즈로 제거하여 수세하고 3군은 fluoride varnish를 도포한 후 45분 후에 얇은 varnish 막을 외과용 칼로 조심스럽게 제거하였다. 그 후 각 시편을 50ml의 인공타액에 3개월 동안 담그어 둔 후 그 사이 기간동안 매달 미세전산화 단층 촬영을 이용하여 3차원 영상을 얻었다. 3차원 영상분석 프로그램으로 재광화 부위의 밀도를 측정하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모든 군에서 시간이 지남에 따라 인공우식 부위의 밀도는 증가하였다. 2. APF gel군과 fluoride varnish군에서 한 달, 두 달, 세 달 후 밀도가 대조군보다 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 3. APF gel군과 fluoride varnish군에서 처치전과 처치 한 달 후의 밀도 차이가 대조군보다 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 높았으며 fluoride varnish군에서 처치 한 달 후와 처치 두달 후의 밀도 차이가 대조군과 APF gel군보다 유의성 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 4. Fluoride varnish가 APF gel보다 불소 처치 후 두 달, 세 달 후 재광화 효과가 더 우수하였고 오래 지속되었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 1998

Low toxicity, reverse thermal gelation and high drug loading capabilities suggest that poloxamer 407 gels have great potential as a topical drug delivery system. Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of skin irritancy due to its acidic pH. Poloxamer gels of different polymer contents were formulated to overcome the problem and compared to the cream type formulations of either w/o/w multiple emulsion cream or o/w type emulsion cream. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solutions. Drug release from w/o/w multiple emulsion cream was controlled by oil membrane, showing the apparent zero order release kinetics. The KA release from the poloxamer gels was also controlled by the gel matrix, showing that drug release increased linearly as KA contents increase, but decreased exponentially as the polymer contents increase. In the skin irritancy test, the primary irritancy index(PII) of poloxamer gel base was lower than those of multiple emulsion cream base and o/w cream. Depending on KA contents or polymer contents in the gel. PH values in poloxamer gels were ranged from 1.3 to 2.0, which are interpreted as low or negligible irritation on skin. There was a good correlation between the log value of flux in drug release and PII value in skin irritation. It was possible to conclude that the poloxamer gels containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic topical delivery system by virtue of the controlled release of the drug and the reduced skin irritancy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.397-402
• /
• 2020

Background: Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is the most common, painful, and anxiety-provoking procedure involving needle insertion for anesthetic solution deposition. DentalVibeⓇ (DV) delivers vibration at a sustained frequency as a counter-stimulation to the site of injection, thereby alleviating pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of DV and lignocaine hydrochloride 2% gel (Lox 2% jelly) in pain reduction during IANB in children. Methods: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was designed with a sample of 60 children (age, 6 to 12 years) requiring bilateral IANB for various dental procedures; DV was used while administering IANB and Lox 2% jelly was used as the topical anesthetic before administering IANB at subsequent appointments. During both appointments, pain perception was measured using the sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale and Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale (WBFPRS); oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate were measured using a pulse oximeter before, during, and after the IANB procedure. The obtained values were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Wilcoxon test was used for intergroup comparison, and Friedman test, for intragroup comparison of measured variables at different treatment phases. Results: The medians and interquartile ranges of the WBFPRS scores recorded during the IANB procedure for DV and Lox 2% jelly were 2 (2-4) and 2 (0-2), respectively (P < 0.05). The SEM scale scores, mean SpO2, and pulse rate did not show any significant differences during the IANB procedure between both treatments. Conclusion: Both DV and Lox 2% jelly were found to be effective in pain reduction during IANB in children.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2005

Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent to inhibit most fungal pathogens. However, it is difficult for itraconazloe to be delivered by topical system due to its poor aqueous solubility. First, niosomes containing drug were prepared with span 60, cholesterol. tocopherol and poloxamer 407 as vesicle forming agents in an effort to increase solubility of itraconazole. And then prepared niosomes were dispersed in O/W creams (containing xanthan gum, glycerin, vaseline, glyceryl monostearate and $Cerix^{\circledR}-5$) or gels (containing xanthan gum and poloxamer 407). Both creams and gels were evaluated with respect to their rheological properties, in vitro permeation through excised skin of hairless mouse. Creams or gels containing niosome showed pseudoplastic flow and hysteresis loop. For both creams and gels, viscosity was increased with increasing the content of glycerine or vaseline and the content of gel forming polymer, respectively. In creams, the permeability of drug to skin was decreased with increasing the viscosity of cream. The permeability of drug was affected by pH as well as viscosity of gel. In vitro permeation test results demonstrated that cream formulations showed better permeability than gels. In conclusion, these results suggest that creams formulation containing niosome can be useful for the topical delivery of intraconazole.