• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.179-197
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• 1993

Tongue posture at rest position of Class III malocclusion is very important in malocclusion and phonation. Because Class III malocclusion shoves low tongue position, speech defect is commonly occured. This study was attempted to evaluate the correlationship between the tongue posture at rest position and during /s/ phonation and facial skeleton in centric occlusion. Thirty subjects with Class III malocclusion who had no orofacial defects such as cleft palate, medical history of neurologic pathology, hearing defect and any previous speech therapy were selected. Ninety sheets of lateral cephalometric radiographs taken at rest position, during /s/ phonation and centric occlusion were traced, measured and statistically analysed. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. In Class III malocclusion, the posture of tongue was positively correlated with the position of hyoid body. The hyoid body was positioned anteriorly and inferiorly as the vertical facial skeleton was increased in centric occlusion. 2. In Class III malocclusion, the vertical position of tongue tip at rest position was not correlated with facial skeleton in centric occlusion, but the horizontal position had low correlation with mandibular body length, APDI, and $\underline{1}$ to SN. 3. In Class III malocclusion, there was the tendency that the dorsal position of the tongue was lowered as the vertical facial skeleton was increased. 4. In Class III malocclusion, the vertical and horizontal position of tongue tip during /s/ phonation was not correlated with facial skeleton in centric occlusion.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 1987

This study was designed to examine relations between posture and size of the tongue and dentoalveolar pattern. The sample was consisted of three groups, the 34 subjects of Normal occlusion, the 31 subjects of Bimaxillary protrusion and the 31 subjects of Class III malocclusion. On the cephalograms, lengths, heights and areas of the tongue and intermaxillary space and on the study model, arch length, intercanine width, intermolar width and palatal height were measured. These data from measuring cephalograms and models were statistically analyzed. The results of the study were as follows; 1. Length of the tongue was the greatest in Bimaxillary protrusion and in order of Normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion. 2. Posture of the tongue was the lowest in Class III malocclusion and in order of Bimaxillary protrusion and Normal occlusion. 3. There were a tendency to be larger area of tongue and intermaxillary space in Class III malocclusion compared to Normal occlusion and Bimaxillary protrusion. 4. Size of the tongue and intermaxillary space showed low correlations with the dentoalveolar pattern.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.203-216
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• 2014

The purpose of the current report is to present 6-year long-term stability and 10-year follow-up data for an adult patient who was treated with a tongue elevator for relapsed anterior open-bite. The 19-year-old male patient presented with the chief complaint of difficulty in chewing his food. Collectively, clinical and radiographic examinations revealed an anterior open-bite, low tongue posture, and tongue-tie. The patient opted for orthodontic treatment alone, without any surgical procedure. A lingual frenectomy was recommended to avoid the risk of relapse, but the patient declined because he was not experiencing tongue discomfort. Initial treatment of the anterior open-bite with molar intrusion and tongue exercises was successful, but relapse occurred during the retention period. A tongue elevator was used for retreatment, because the approach was minimally invasive and suited the patient's requirements regarding discomfort, cost, and time. The appliance changed the tongue posture and generated an altered tongue force, which ultimately resulted in intrusive dentoalveolar effects, and a subsequent counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. The results showed long-term stability and were maintained for six years through continual use of the tongue elevator. The results of this case indicated that a tongue elevator could be used not only as an alternative treatment for open-bite, but also as an active retainer.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.476-490
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• 1991

Although various technical details of the surgical procedures have been improved, Skeletal relapse is the most noteworthy complication of orthognathic surgery. It seems to be an imbalance of the perioral muscular groups resulting from changes in the cavitas oris propria after surgery. Among other factors, it is widely known with the changes of tongue posture, as indicated by the hyoid position. Ten patients that had undergone mandibular setbacks by way of Modified Obwegeser method were evaluated retrospectively. The serial cephalometric films were taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, after removal of IMF, and at a subsequent long-term follow-up period. The cephalometric evaluation of tongue posture were based on stable craniofacial landmarks. The relation between the 2-dimensional changes of tongue posture and hyoid position and the relapse of mandibular setback are discussed. Anatomic changes that were found to accompany such setback are as follows. 1.There are 2 cases of relapse in 10 patients at long-term follow-up(20%) 2.The tongue was moved posteriorly and its size was reduced anteriorly and posteriorly at immediate postoperative change and then the mandible shifted slightly toward the preoperative position, but the long was adapted to its new environment due to changing the position of its posterior part, and also the hyoid that moved posterioly and inferiorly was stabilized sightly posteriorly than its original position. 3.On the distance change of the suprahyoid muscle, the distance of P-H, ST-H was increased at immediate postoperative change(p<0.01) and decreased at IMF period(p<0.001), but the distance of H-Me, H-Ge was slightly decreased at IMF and long-term period(p<0.05). 4.On the width change of the pharyngeal air way, the width of the upper part of the pharyngeal space was lightly contracted at IMF and long-term period(p<0.05). 5.On the relation between mandibular setback and tongue posture and hyoid position, the significant correlation was found between the changes of some parts of mandibular setback and those of tongue posture, and not found those of hyoid position.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was aimed at measuring the changes in the hyoid bone position, tongue position, and pharyngeal airway space in subjects with mandibular setback osteotomies. Methods : Twenty patients were evaluated retrospectively for their changes in pharyngeal airway space, tongue and hyoid bone positions. All patients underwent surgical mandibular setback using bilateral sagittal split osteotomies. The cephalometric analysis was performed preoperatively, and 1 week, 3-6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Result : The hyoid bone moved inferiorly and posteriorly immediately after surgery, and it returned to the preoperative position during follow-up period. The nasopharyngeal airway space was not significantly changed after surgery. A considerable decrease in the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway spaces following mandibular setback surgery was found. The upper and lower tongue was posteriorly repositioned immediately after surgery. During follow-up period, the hypopharyngeal airway space and lower tongue posture returned to the preoperative positions, but the oropharyngeal airway space and upper tongue posture were not significantly changed. The position of pogonion remarkably changed to backward immediately after surgery, but slightly anterior advancement was found during follow-up period. Conclusion : Immediately after mandibular setback surgery, the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway spaces obviously decreased due to posterior and inferior repositions of the tongue and hyoid bone. During follow-up period, lower tongue and hyoid bone returned to the preoperative positions, it was related to advancement of the pogonion in this period. The narrowing of the oropharyngeal airway space and posterior movement of the upper tongue posture were relatively permanent after mandibular setback surgery. We suspected this phenomenon had an influence on maintaining the total volume of oral cavity against mandibular setback.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.231-243
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• 1997

본 연구는 거대 편도를 가진 기능성 III급 부정 교합자의 구대 편도 절제술 전후의 인두강, 설골, 두부 위치의 변화 양상에 대해 알아보기 위해 단국 대학교 부속 치과 병원 교정과에 내원한 남녀 환자 42명을 대상으로 연구하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Enlarged tonsil을 보이는 기능성 3급 부정교합자는 1급 부정교합자보다 혀는 전방에 위치하고 설골은 하방에 위치한다. 2. Tonsillectomy 후에 편도 절제술전과 비교하여 혀는 후방에 위치하고, nasopharynx은 증가 양상을 보이며, 설골은상, 후방에 위치하며 counterclockwise rotation 양상을 보인다. 3. Tonsillectomy 후에 nasopharynx depth변화와 하악 전치 경사도, 혀의 수직적 변화와 cranial base에 대한 hyoid axis, hyoid의 수직적, 수평적 변화와 두경부 경사도, 두경부 경사도와 하악 전치간에 95% 유의수준으로 상관성을 보인다. 4. Tonsillectomy 후에 설골 장축의 counterclockwise rotation시 hya-NL의 감소와 nasopharyx의 증가를 보이고, 혀의 거상시 hya-NL의 감소를 보이며, 혀의 후방위치시 h-h1의 증가와 hya-ba-n의 감소를 보인다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.623-636
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• 1996

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.233-246
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• 1994

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the difference of muscular activities of the tongue and lip muscles between anterior open-bite and normal occlusion during various function. Thirty eight subjects of 12.1-39.6 years were employed in this study : Eighteen subjects were anterior open-bites and tweenty subjects were normal occlusions. During rest position, maximum effort of lip sealing, command swallow of saliva and sucking & swallowing of juice, the electromyographic datas of the genioglossus, superior longitudinal muscle of tongue, upper and lower orbicularis oris were recorded and integrated with Medelec MS 25 electromyographic machine. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken on all subjects for the analysis of tongue posture and size. All data were recored and statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows : 1. During the rest position, muscular activity of tongue was higher than that of lip muscle in open-bite, but no difference in normal occlusion group. 2. During the swallowing of juice, the activity of orbicularis oris was higher than that of genioglossus in open-bite. But the normal occusion was showed higher activity of tongue during the swallowing of juice. 3. The open-bite, compared to the normal occlusion, had higher value of tongue muscle activity during the rest position. 4. Compared to normal occlusion group, the open-bite had higher value of lip muscle activity during the sucking and swallowing of juice. 5. During the command swallow of saliva, the normal occlusion was showed harmonious swallowing pattern, but the open-bite showed much variation and disharmony in muscular contraction sequence, tended to absent of lip muscle activity. 6. At the lateral cephalometric radiographs, compared to the normal occlusion, the open-bite was showed lower tongue posture. But no difference was found in intermaxillary space. It is suggested that the open-bite, compared to the normal occlusion, had higher muscular activity of tongue during the rest position and various functions, showed lower tongue posture on the lateral cephalogram. In the development of anterior open-bite malocclusion, these factors may be an etiologic factor.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.693-705
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional adaptation of the tongue, the hyoid bone, the digastric muscle and the upper airway and the variables predicting postoperative stability following orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism. 18 patients were selected(8 men and 10 women) for this study, who had received orthognathic surgery. Their lateral cephalograms, those were taken preoperatively, immediate postoperatively and over 6 months follow-up, were traced and analysed. The results were as follows : 1. The downward displacement of the hyoid bone and extended head posture were recognized, right after operation. Statistically significant correlations were found between the changes of the mandibular position and the digastric muscle and the change of head posture during operation. 2. The tongue was displaced downward following the hyoid displacement postoperatively. Statistically significant correlations were found between the change of the mandibular position and the change of the distance of the tongue and hard palate, and between the change of head posture and the changes of the upper airway sizes, the digastric muscle and the hyoid position during over 6 month's follow-up. 3. The change of the distance of the tongue and hard palate was the most significant factor for prognosis during over 6 month's follow-up. 4. There were no variables before operation to predict the postoperative stability and the constriction of the upper airway.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.2051-2057
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• 2007

In Oriental medicine, the status of a tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health like physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive and widely used in Oriental medicine. However, tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot like a light source, patient's posture and doctor's condition. To develop an automatic tongue diagnosis system for an objective and standardized diagnosis, segmenting a tongue is inevitable but difficult since the colors of a tongue, lips and skin in a mouth are similar. The proposed method includes preprocessing, graph-based over-segmentation, detecting positions with a local minimum over shading, detecting edge with color difference and estimating edge geometry from the probable structure of a tongue, where preprocessing performs down-sampling to reduce computation time, histogram equalization and edge enhancement. A tongue was segmented from a face image with a tongue from a digital tongue diagnosis system by the proposed method. According to three oriental medical doctors' evaluation, it produced the segmented region to include effective information and exclude a non-tongue region. It can be used to make an objective and standardized diagnosis.