• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2013

This research aims to make the general plan for the preservation and practical use about Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs at Samcheok. The general plan is classified according to three large territories. First, it is necessary for these two tombs to preserve territories and strengthen the historical identity in order to restore the spoiled building such as Subokbang and Surabang by verification and excavation. Second, to preserve the nature and environment of territories surrounding the two tombs is essential for the extension of the essence about these cultural heritage to improve the familiarity and effective utilization by trial programs, which are related to the historical background of the tombs and so forth. Third, supporting and making convenient facilities in the neighborhood near cultural assets is required to install public parks and parking lots for visitors. Additionally, it is needed to advertise successively about these two tombs as the beginning of Chosun Dynasty tombs Also, it is necessary to consider implementing programs because Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs along with Chosun royal tombs in the north of Korea might be designated as World Culture Heritage if Korea should be a unified nation.

• The Korean Fashion and Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 2007

This study is about the fabric attached to the relics excavated from the Shimchun-ri tomb of the 4th century and the Moonsan-ri tombs of the 5th century. We studied 5 pieces of fabric from the Shimchun-ri tomb: one piece was silk and the other four pieces were hemp. We were able to observe 8 pieces from the four tombs in Moonsan-ri, All of them except one ramie were silk. The two kinds of bast fiber found in the tombs of Shimchun-ri and Moonsan-ri were hemp and ramie, and they were found to be plain woven with S-twist thread which thickness is uneven. The density was more fine compared to the hemps found in the Kaya or Shinra tombs of the similar era. All of the silk textiles found in the Shimchun-ri and Moonsan-ri tombs used non-twisted thread, and were plain woven. Also, we found degummed and raw silk from the tombs. The average density of the silk textiles from these tombs are similar to other areas of the same time, and studies show that they used non-twisted thread in plain woven silk found in other tombs. Therefore, we can conclude that they usually used non-twisted thread when producing silk textiles.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.52-69
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• 2012

This paper attempts to analyze the inner and outer structure of royal tombs that were built during the Joseon Period. This analysis is based on the relevant historical records and they were restored through visual composition in order to compare the features of Joseon royal tombs with those of Goryeo royal tombs and common tombs of the Joseon Period. Royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are structurally solid and contain a variety of artistic ornaments that symbolize guardian deities both inside and outside to protect the owners of the tombs for a long time. According to historical records such as Sejong sillok oryeui (Five Rites of State from the Annals of King Sejong) and Gukjo oryeui (Five Rites of State), it is presumed that the inner structure of royal tombs dating back to the early Joseon Period consisted of a stone chamber and that the byeongpungseok and nanganseok were built outside of the tomb. However, ever since King Sejo left it in his will not to make a stone chamber in his tomb, the royal tombs began to follow a new pattern, a burial pit outside the coffin filled with lime powder. Gukjo sangnye bopyeon (Supplement Book of the State Funeral Rites), which was compiled during the reign of King Yeongjo, is a book that shows how the royal tombs were formed in the late Joseon Period. The book explains in detail how lime powder was used to fill the burial pit of royal tombs. The byeongpungseok used during the late Joseon Period were engraved with peony flowers, while those previously made were engraved with twelve spirit warriors. Peony designs were frequently used to decorate the items of royal families, and the use of peony designs in tombs reflects the idea of regarding the royal tombs as an everyday living space for the deceased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.118-126
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• 2007

Seoul has been the former capital from Joseon founded in 1932 by this time for 600 years. Seoul populated by some 10,290,000 people is the largest city in Korea. There are lots of cultural inheritance such as the castle town and 5 palaces including Gyeongbokgung in Seoul. Especially neungs(royal tombs) from 27 generations of king and queen in the Joseon dynasty during 518 years are very important cultural inheritance. The royal tombs were built from the castle town to the radius outside 4km within 40km pivoting on Seoul. Joseon royal tombs might have significant cultural value, which are representative Korean people's spirits for ancestor worship. After the 1945 Liberation of Korea those are having been managed by Office of Cultural Properties after Ministry of Education. This paper tried to find the changing process of the conservation and maintenance, the location of royal tomb area, the changing process of royal tomb, the area changing clue of modernization process, and in the historical city, Seoul. The royal tombs in the Joseon dynasty of the radius outside 4km within 40km pivoting on Seoul have been contributed to providing the metropolitan, Seoul population with the cultural and green spaces for 600 years. In the Joseon dynasty the royal tombs had been taken charge of thoroughly by the Royal Household with Neungchamboing system from Confucian background for ancestor worship. There after they had been damaged somewhat by the Japanese Imperialism period, the Korean War, and the pressure of urbanization. But the original state has been preserved well by state management. The royal tombs in the Joseon dynasty has been kept the culture of royal tomb's and memorial services with stone sculptures for 518 years. Also there are lots of documentary records of royal tombs. The memorial services of the tombs are held by Jongyakwon of Jeonju Lee family every year. The royal tombs somewhat damaged are needed to the original state of the transferred right of managing agency by the related national bodies.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.36
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• pp.181-226
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• 2003

In archeological aspects the 4th-6th centuries of the Silla kingdom has been callded the era of wooden chamber tombs with pebble and earth mounds(jeokseokmokwakbun). Moreover, the era is also regarded the age of the traditional and 'primitive' Korean religion which originated from inside the Korean Peninsula or the kingdom. However, the tombs and their burial accessories reveal that it is Taoism, not shamanism, that prevailed throughout the silla kingdom and its people during the jeokseokmokwakbun period. Above all things, almost all of the tombs excavated up to date yield in great quantities cinnabar and mica, which have been considered the best elixir of life in the Taoist world. Moreover the instruments to make the medicine for the deceased has been founded inside a tomb. The jeokseokmokwakbun tombs are famous for their great amount of buried articles and their grand scale. The tombs also have a large amount of gold, silver and beads, which are all thought to be the other cure-alls in taoism. Then why the silla people made the tombs and buried those elixirs of life for the deceased? The best answer we can imagine is this : for eternal living! In other words, cinnabar and mica are for the everlasting life of the deceased, the tombs were desingned as the 'eternal house' where the dead are living a immortal life. Needless to say, immortal living, even after he or she dies, is the ultimate purpose of taoism.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.60-85
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• 2014

The study is for tracing the mutational process, considering the transformational process of wooden chamber tombs in Gyoungju region during 2~6 century. In addition, class features and the meaning of tombs were studied. First of all, the wooden chamber tombs were classified into 10 different styles(1A~IVC), based on the filling materials, the ways of structure, and the structure of burial chamber. There were only one or two tombs that belongs to the highest classes 'Ga'~'Da' in each period, which has the numeral features. Furthermore, the styles of the central wooden chamber tombs according to the period and the region have distinctive features and have changed so far. It shows that there are the rank among the tombs in the regions. In other words, regarding the ranks of the class 'Ga'~'Cha', there were strict rules and the limitations on the size of the tombs and the number and the quality of the burial relics. It means that the inner-outer size or the structure of the tombs and the number, quality of the burial goods depended on the buried person's birth or social classes, or achievements. Based on Shila social classes, the class 'Ga' tombs were for the highest classes when considered the size, burial relics, and the quality. The class 'Na' and 'Da' tombs were for the higher classes, 'Ma' for middle classes, 'Ba', 'Sa' for lower classes. In addition, 'Ah', 'Ja' tombs were for higher commoner, 'Cha' for lower commoner. Thus, class 'Ga'~'Sa' is the leading class of Shila.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.104-121
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• 2016

Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri had been studied several times during the Japanese Colonial era. But, conceiving the general complexion of them is difficult for lack of data and analysis of previous studies are still insufficient. Thus, necessity of new approach and understanding in Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri are emphasized by the reviewing existing studies and conservation history. The Serial numbers of the Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri has been registered arbitrarily without clear guidelines from Japanese Colonial era until present time. It means previous studies were devoid of consideration for serial number changes. And, research has shown that Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri counts at least twenty, taking No.8 tomb of recent study into consideration. Moreover, in case of eastern tombs it needs changes in the existing perception that Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri consist of only six-tombs because there was no difference between eastern tombs and central sixtombs considering the burial chamber and lacquered wooden(koyamaki) Coffin. Ultimately, current state of Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri doesn't have authenticity because they had been found and regulated in the Japanese Colonial era. Consequently, it is required to overall study into entrance to burial chamber and covered burial stone marker and exaggerated mounds, ignored another tombs other than six-tombs in the center.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.45
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• pp.29-40
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to classify of the Heart shaped Earring in old tombs of Three Kingdom States. First Heart shaped Earring is 7 part in according to heart styles. I-A type was original style and that was influenced by scythe style. I-A II-A type was general style that was found in most of the old tombs in Kokuryo Pacijae ancient Silla Gaya. I-B II-2-A type was also found in most of the old tombs except Kokuryo. Then II-2-A type was transmitted to Japanese Heart shaped Earring. I-A, I-B, II-1, II-2-A type was general style in ancient Silla gaya. Ii-1-B, II-2-B. II-3-A type was excavated from the only Pacjae tombs and II-3-B type was excavated from Kokuryo tombs. II-3-A, II-3-B type was unique style that was found in old tombs in Kokuryo, Pacjae.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.198-221
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• 2017

The Jjoksaem site is the eastern sector of Daereungwon Ancient Tomb Complex, Gyeongju(the 512th Historic site) called Wolseong North Burial Ground in academic community. The excavation and research of this site was conducted from 2007 to 2015, with the purpose of basic data offering for the restoration of Silla tumuli and development of ancient tomb park. As a result of the investigation, more than 700 new tombs were discovered except the 155 tumuli founded in the Japanese colonial era. Moreover, more than 70 percent of the smaller tombs, such as outer coffin tombs, were discovered here. There are four characteristics of outer coffin tombs in Jjoksaem site. First, it is recognized the Gyeongju-styled outer coffin tombs have a long rectangular shape, distinct from Gimhae-styled outer coffin tombs in a rectangular shape. Second, they are divided into three groups by the size of the grave area. This is indirectly related to the rank and the status of the buried person. Third, these tombs began to be constructed at the end of the 3rd century before the time of wooden chamber tombs covered by stone and earthen mound. They were ruined because of the new tombs constructed at the period of Maripgan. This reflects that the identity of the former tombs was not respected by the communities in the later generations. Outer coffin tombs were consistently made to the end of the era of wooden chamber tombs covered by stone and earthen mound. Lastly, the area of burial ground of outer coffin tombs is limited by wooden chamber tombs covered by stone and wooden mounds. Otherwise, the location of the burial ground for the deceased is limited by the status of the deceased. The idea that wooden chamber tombs covered by stone and earthen mound are located on the above ground turns out to be incorrect. In Jjoksaem site, there is little difference between the height of the circular burial protection stone and the height of the digging lines of the other tombs. In the case of No.44 tumulus, the lowest step of the circular burial protection stones is lower than those of the other tombs and tumuli. Research of outer coffin tombs at Jjoksaem site will be to suggest important academic data about the changing period from Saroguk, as the head of chiefdom union, to Silla, as state.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.3-14
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• 1993

This study was carried out to identify the species of wooden coffins excavated from ancient kings' tombs of Nakrang and Pro-Three-Kingdoms to the beginning period of the Three Kingdoms, and the private tombs of the middle stage at the Yi dynasty. The species of wooden coffins were identified as three softwoods(Thxus cuspidata, Sciodopitys verticillata, Pinus densiflora) and six hardswoods(Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Zelkova serrata, Platycarya strobilarea, Alnus japonica and Morns spp.). Thxus cuspidata, wooden coffins of Nakrang kings' tombs, is distributed through Korea. However in previous examination it was known as Cunninghania lanceolata, native species in south China. Sciodopitys verticillata used as a wooden coffin of King Muryung's tomb was native to Japan. It was a material evidence proving the cultural exchange between Paekche Kingdoms and Japan in those days. Pinus densiflora was the species of wooden coffins excavated from private tombs in Yi dynasty, which was not found out from Pro-Three-Kingdoms and Three-Kingdoms. Quercus accutissima was used for making a trough shape wooden coffins at Daho-ri ancient tombs and Quercus serrata was used a outer wooden coffin of Nakrang kings' tombs. An adamant iron mongery might be used to manufacturing a trough shape wooden coffin. This indicates that a developed iron-manufacturing technics existed in Korea at that time. Zelkova serrata was used for making wooden coffins of Imdang and Kaya ancient tombs, Chunma and Hwangnam king tombs. Platycarya strobizacea was used for making wooden coffin of Daegok-ri, Alnus japonica for Daho-ri coffins and Morus spp. for Imdang coffins.