• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.539-553
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• 2011

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.221-247
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• 2020

This paper examines the meaning of Pyeongsari, the main stage of the novel 'Toji (Land )' and the original experience space engraved in the lives of the characters and suggests the direction of Pyeongsari as a 'Toji (Land )' content platform. Pyeongsa-ri, an imaginary space in the novel, starts from the background of the original work and turns into a representative tourist space for Ha Dong-gun. However, it is necessary to provide cultural experience-type contents that visitors can experience in person. In the original work, Pyeongsari is an ideal community and a symbol of the Korean modern history of suffering and pioneering. Therefore, taking advantage of this meaning, it is necessary to prepare a cultural experience space that shows Confucian culture, women's labor culture, and shamanic culture to draw on visitors' experiences. In addition, the app should be developed in connection with transformed works that have been the driving force behind the reorganization of Pyeongsari, and education and experience spaces using augmented reality are provided on the web. This interaction between digital and reality makes the meaning of the original or transformed works contemporaneous, while contributing to the visitor's own experience. In addition, through this, Pyeongsari can evolve into a cultural experience content platform that reflects the meaning of Korean culture and life. This paper is significant in that it suggests the direction of Pyeongsari's space planning for the 'geography of meaningful places'. In addition, while showing how the imaginary space of the original literary work has reorganized the space of reality, there are implications for the media content of the literary work and the terrain of the culture and arts industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.583-598
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• 2011

This study was intended to outline the characteristics of the food culture in the area of Kyungsangnamdo and its modernization by interpretation and analysis of the novel Toji, which was set in Hadong, Jinjoo in the area of Kyungsangnamdo in the early 20th century. The characteristics of the Kyungsangnamdo area's native dish during the Japanese ruling era in the latter half of the Choson dynasty are as follows. In the first part of the novel, which spans from 1897 to 1908, vegetable and grain food development can be seen in the area of Hadong, the interior plains of Kyungsangnamdo, where there is a typical farming village in the mountains. The second part of the novel, which spans from 1911 through 1917, includes some mentions of the properties of Kyungsangnamdo area's native dishes through the lens of emigrated Koreans living on Gando island. Gando island is in China, and is where Seohee, the heroine, escapes from her homeland and remains for a period of years. There is a unique type of seafood in the Gando area using fresh marine products, exactly the same as in the Kyungsangnamdo area. The third part of the novel spans 1919 through 1929, after Seohee returns to her own country and regains her house. There is a noticeable description of food culture in the area of Jinjoo in Kyungsangnamdo through the description of Seohee focusing on the education of her children. The well-described features of Jinjoo are boiled rice with soup of beef leg bones and Jinjoo bibimbob, with vegetables and a variety of foods using cod. Cod are caught in large quantities in Kyunjgsangnamdo, and cities in the area grow to medium size as the area became traffic-based. The fourth part of the novel spans from 1929 through 1938, and includes very detailed descriptions of characters and background locations. Salted fish combined with the wild ingredients of Mt. Jiri feature prominently in the Kyungsangnamdo's area descriptions. The fifth part spans from 1940 through 1945, and as the Japanese colonization era ends, the foods described in Kyungsangnamdo seem to develop the usage of soybean paste. With abundant fish and shellfish Kyungsangnamdo, the dishes that evolve to use soybean paste include mussel soybean paste soup, picked bean leaves in soybean paste, chaitgook - cold soup from soybean paste, and seolchigook used with seaweed and sea laver.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.618-627
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• 2019

An increase in damage to crops and facilities caused by wildlife such as wild boar causes serious social and economic problems to the rural economy in Korea. This study aims to estimate the economic losses incurred to rural households in mountain villages near protected areas in Korea due to the damage to agricultural and forestry production by wildlife. The case of mountain villages located in Toji-myeon, Gurye-gun near the Jirisan National Park was studied as an example. Data were collected by interviewing 84 households across six mountain villages in April and June 2016. The results indicate that the economic losses due to wildlife damage in 2015 were estimated to be 1.65 million KRW per household, which is a total of 138.63 million KRW for the 84 households. Among local products, the most damaged products were chestnut, fern-brake, wild pear, peach, and potato, whereas the most damaged products per production area were sweet potato, peach, corn, and potato. The potential economic losses caused by wildlife damage to agricultural and forestry production in whole Gurye-gun area was estimated to be around 4.0 billion KRW in 2015. However, the municipal government budget for the compensation of wildlife damage was only 0.9 percent of the potential rural economic losses caused by wildlife damage in 2015. The results of our study suggest that the compensation scheme for wildlife damage is inadequate in the respect of social justice. Considering the low financial capacity of the municipalities in mountain areas, the central government should take a progressive responsibility by allocating more financial resources for compensation of economic losses of rural households due to wildlife damage. The equitable and effective governance of wildlife conservation is required for sustainable development of rural communities near protected areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.391-403
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• 1998

The study was carried out to devise a proper measure to increase the income of mountain villagers by producing sap water of Acer mono, and to make the most of sap water as local specialty to contribute to the local economy of mountain villages. All the processes from collecting to marketing of sap water of Acer mono was investigated. The survey was done from mid-January to mid-February in the 3 major sap water collecting regions, Toji-myon Kurey-gun(Piagol area of Mt. Chiri), Okryong-myon Kwangyang city(Mt. Baekun), and Jookhack-ri Sunchon(Mt. Chokey). A total of 90 householders who collect sap water, to say again, 30 householders in each region, were interviewed personally to make up questionnaires. The habitual or general practices about collecting sap water, the selling price, the sales process, labor power to collect and carry down, carrying distance and facilities, sales income and side income, and family income were investigated and examined. Spots of collecting sap water were not concentrated but scattered all over the collecting area. Collecting method, collecting amount, sales process, and selling price varied with the village and region. Sap water was collected by tapping or boring method, the latter of which was widely used in lots of regions except in Sunchon. Although the amount of sap production per family varied with region, the average amount was about 1,350 liters. Of all the sap water collected, 44% was consumed by drinking of on-the-spot visitors and 36% was sold by order, etc. Sap water was sold at the price varying from 10,000 won to 60,000 won per 18 liters. The average selling price was 41,000 won, but selling prices of 43,000 won and 45,000 wan amounted to 38% and 25%, respectively.