• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1998

An experiment has been carried-out on physiological responses in Saanen, Anglo Nubian and Toggenburg goats at different body weights and feed intakes during treadmill exercise at $30{^{\circ}C}$ environmental temperature (ET). The results showed that respiration rate (RR) was significant between time ${\times}$ breed interaction (p < 0.01), with values for the Anglo Nubian being least, while the Saanen was intermediate. With time, RR differed significantly, and after 1 h the respective RR were 238, 221 and 303/min in the Saanen, Anglo Nubian and Toggenburg. With time the rectal temperature (Tr) increased gradually and after 1 h exercise mean values were 40.8, 41.3 and $40.7{^{\circ}C}$ in the Saanen, Anglo Nubian and Toggenburg respectively. Rump skin temperature (RTs) values differed significantly between Anglo Nubians and Toggenburgs, with the differences averaging 0.3, 0.6, 0.4 and $0.4{^{\circ}C}$ after 15, 30, 45 and 60 min exercise respectively. With breed, highest loin skin temperature (LTs) values were in the Anglo Nubian, with an overall mean of $37.9{^{\circ}C}$ (p < 0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.951-955
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• 2001

The behaviour of 6 Toggenburg and 6 Saanen female goats, grazing on natural vegatation in a modified sub-humid tropical environment of Kenya, was studied during the dry (January and February) and wet (April and May) seasons in 1997. The two exotic breeds grazed for 12 h daily. Observation on feeding, standing, lying and ruminating was done chronometrically at five minute intervals between 0600 and 1800 h. These grazing times were based on the current practice of small holder farmers. During the dry period, the average feeding, standing, lying and ruminating time per 12 h period for Saanens was 5.63, 4.57, 1.80 and 1.50 h respectively while that for Toggenburgs was 7.26, 3.21, 1.53 and 1.96 h, respectively. In the wet(Green) season, the mean feeding, standing, lying and ruminating time for Saanens was found to be 5.08, 4.63, 2.29 and 0.72, respectively.Toggenburgs spent more time feeding (p<0.05) than Saanens in both seasons. It was also observed that standing occured more often in Saanens than the Toggenburgs in the dry season. During the wet period, Saanens ruminated significantly longer than the Toggenburgs. The health status of the animals was determined by analyzing the respiratory frequency, heart rate, rectal temperature, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leucocytes of the experimental animals. All the clinical and physiological parameters were within the normal physiological range of healthy goats. It was concluded that differences in the grazing behaviour of Saanens and Toggenburgs in the modified tropical environment of Kenya, do exist.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1043-1053
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• 2017

본 연구는 산양 7 품종을 대상으로 (Saanen (88), Laoshan (67), Toggenburg (32), Alpine (12), Anglonubian (9), Jamnapari (7), Black Bengal (4)) 13종의 초위성체 마커 (microsatellite marker)를 활용하여 유전적 다형성 분석을 실시하였다. 대립유전자 수는 4개 (INRA005) 부터 18개 (SRCRSP23)까지 확인되었으며, 관측이형접합율 ($H_{obs}$)과 기대이형접합율 ($H_{\exp}$) 그리고 다형성 정보지수 (PIC) 값은 각각 0.482 ~ 0.786, 0.476 ~ 0.923 그리고 0.392 ~ 0.915로 나타났다. 품종별 유전적 거리를 확인하기 위하여 실시한 주성분분석 (PCoA) 결과는 요인대응분석 (FCA) 분석과 유사한 결과를 보였으며, 동일개체출현빈도는 $2.47{\times}10^{-15}$으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 산양 품종 개량 및 보존에 있어 기초자료로써 유용한 자료로 활용 가능 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.842-844
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• 2000

Changes in respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory moisture loss (RML), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) were monitored in 2 adults female goats each of the Saanen (S) and Toggenburg (T) breeds during 60 min of exercise (walking at 3 km/h) on a moving-belt treadmill on each of 6 alternate days. A significant $time{\times}breed$ interaction was observed for RR; mean values in Sand T after 60 min of exercise were 130 and 223 /min ($p{\leq}0.01$). The observed time x breed interaction for RT indicated that S was less stressed by exercise than T; mean values after 60 min exercise were 40.4 and $40.8^{\circ}C$ respectively ($p{\leq}0.01$). For RML, the $day{\times}breed$ interaction ($p{\leq}0.001$) indicated that while S had higher values on day 1, thereafter the values for T were higher. The $time{\times}breed$ interaction for RML/breath indicated that values for T declined more rapidly (from 9.4 to 3.1 mgjbreath) than those for S (from 8.3 to 4.1 mgjbreath; ($p{\leq}0.01$). PCV declined during exercise ($p{\leq}0.05$) by 5.5 percentage points. The exercise imposed was stressful in that it led to increases in RR, RT and RML. S was most tolerant of exercise in that it recorded lower values of RT. The fact that the RML/breath was higher during exercies in S apparently allowed it to compensate for a lower RR. Despite higher RR and RML, T also had a higher RT, suggesting either higher muscular heat production during exercise in that breed, or higher sweating losses in S.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2016

The genetic relationships between different populations and breeds of exotic dairy goats in Thailand were studied using 12 microsatellite markers. Blood samples were obtained from 211 goats from Department of Livestock Development breeding and research farms: 29 Anglonubian (AN), 21 Alpine (AP), 23 Jamunapari (JAM), 50 Saanen (SN), and 88 Toggenburg (TG). Five of the 12 microsatellite markers were found to be polymorphic. A mean of 7.40 alleles per locus was found, with a range from 5 (SPS115 and ETH225) to 11 (TGLA122). We found 24, 27, 19, 32, and 24 alleles in the AN, AP, JAM, SN, and TG breeds, respectively; 37 alleles were present in all breeds. The mean number of alleles in each population ranged from 3.2 (ETH225 locus) to 7.6 (TGLA122 locus). Genetic variability within the breeds was moderate as evidenced by the mean expected heterozygosity of 0.539. The average observed heterozygosity across the 5 markers in all breeds was 0.529 with the maximum observed at the BM1818 locus (0.772) and the minimum at the ETH225 locus (0.248). The observed and expected heterozygosity for all breeds for the 5 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.419 to 0.772 and 0.227 to 0.792, respectively. On the basis of their means, the TGLA122 and BM1818 loci were the most suitable markers for distinguishing genetic diversity among the goats. The estimated average $F_{is}$ value for the breeds ranged from -0.044 (ETH225) to 0.180 (SPS115), while the estimated average $F_{st}$ value ranged from 0.021 (SPS115) to 0.104 (ETH10). These results indicated that TGLA122 and BM1818 markers are suitable to be used for aiding conservation and breeding improvement strategies of dairy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2004

Genetic diversity of sub-Saharan African goats was assessed using 19 microsatellite markers. Breeds were sampled from eastern Africa (Maasai, Kigezi, Mubende, North West Highland, Arsi-Bale), southern Africa (Ndebele, Pafuri) and West Africa (West African Dwarf, Maure, Djallonke). European breeds (Grisons Striped, Toggenburg), Asian breeds (Mongolian Cashmere, Bandipur) and a Middle East breed (Arab) were also included. The mean number of alleles per locus and average gene diversity ranged from 5.26$\pm$0.464 (Djallonke) to 7.05$\pm$0.516 (Mubende) and from 0.542$\pm$0.036 (Pafuri) to 0.672$\pm$0.031 (Ndebele), respectively. The between breeds variation evaluated using $$G_{ST}$$ and $\theta$ were found to account for 14.6% ($\theta$) and 15.7% ($$G_{ST}$$) of the total genetic variation. The $D_{A}$ measure of genetic distance between pairs of breeds indicated that the largest genetic distance was between Pafuri and Djallonke while the lowest genetic distance was between Arsi-Bale and North West Highland. A neighbour-joining tree of breed relationships revealed that the breeds were grouped according to their geographic origins. Principal component analysis supported the grouping of the breeds according to their geographic origins. It was concluded that the relationships of sub-Saharan African goat breeds were according to their geographical locations implying that the goats of eastern Africa, West Africa and southern Africa are genetically distinct. Within each sub-region, goat populations could be differentiated according to morphological characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2000

A study was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as nitrogen sources in commercial type supplements for dairy goats. Six crossbred $(Toggenburg{\times}Saanen)$ goats at late stage of lactation were allocated to three dietary treatments in a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The animals were offered rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum and supplemented with either Leucaena-based concentrate (LBC), Gliricidia-based concentrate (GBC) or commercial based concentrate (CC). Voluntary food intake, milk yield and composition and changes in live weight were measured. The total dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC than CC (1385 vs 1331 g/d). The DM intake for LBC (1343 g/d) was similar to CC (1331 g/d). The DM intake of hay was also higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC (834 g/d) than those receiving LBC or CC (789, 782 g/d, respectively). Animals supplemented with GBC recorded positive (11 g/d) weight gain while the other groups lost weight (13, 19 g/d) for LBC and CC respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The composition of milk were: butterfat 58, 49 and 55 g/kg; crude protein 37.0, 35.4 and 36.1 g/kg; lactose 33, 29 and 30 g/kg; Ash 8.5, 8.5 and 7.9 g/kg and total solids 136.5, 121.9 and 129.0 g/kg, for goats fed LBC, GBC and CC respectively. There were no differences in the composition of milk due to these dietary treatments. At the end of performance trial, a digestibility trial was conducted using 6 female goats allocated to the three treatments (LBC, GBC and CC) in an incomplete randomized block design and each goat received a different supplement in each of two successive periods. There were no differences in nutrient digestibility except for DM, which was higher (p<0.05) in CC compared to the other treatments (615, 622, 720 g/kg for LBC, GBC and CC, respectively). Economic analysis showed that CC diet was more expensive (0.20 US$/kg) and had a lower margin over supplementation (0.11 US$) compared to LBC and GBC (0.13 vs 0.12 US$/kg and 01.5 vs 0.12 US$, respectively). It is concluded that the Leucaena and Gliricidia could contribute as nitrogen sources in compounded diet supplements without any detrimental effects on production in dairy goats.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2002

본 연구는 AFLP-PCR 유전자 지문분석 기법을 이용하여 우리나라 고유의 동물유전자원으로서 재래흑염소의 품종 및 흑염소육 감별을 위한 품종 특이적 DNA marker를 개발하고자 수행하였다. 흑염소로부터 추출한 genomic DNA를 EcoR I/Hind III 및 Taq I/Hind III 2종류의 제한효소 조합으로 이중 절단한 후 10종류의 two selective primer조합형을 이용하여 분석한 결과 각 printer 조합형당 검출된 AFLP band의 수는 36~74개의 범위로 평균 55.5개였다. 그리고 검출된 총 555개의 band 가운데 polymorphic band의 수는 149 개로 다형성 수준은 약 26.8%로 추정되었다. 재래흑염소 품종 특이적인 AFLP marker를 탐색하고자 육용종 수입흑염소 및 4품종의 유용종 염소와 AFLP 지문양상을 비교 검토한 결과 M13/H13 primer 조합형에서 2.01과 1.26 kb의 2개 band 그리고 E35/H14 primer 조합형에서 1.65 kb의 1개 band가 재래흑염소의 품종 특이적 AFLP marker로 검출되었다. 그리고 E35/H14 primer 조합형에서 수입흑염소의 2.19, 2.03, 0.96 및 0.87 kb band, Saanen종의 2.13 kb band, Nubian종의 2.08 kb band는 각 해당 품종에만 특이적으로 출현하는 품종 특이적 band로 확인되었다. 또한, E35/H13 primer 조합형에서 재래흑염소를 특히, Saanen종과 식별이 가능한 4개의 DNA band가 확인되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 AFLP-PCR 기법을 이용하여 검출한 품종 특이적 DNA band들은 우리나라 재래흑염소, 수입흑염소 및 유용종 염소품종들간에 명확히 구별되어 재래종 흑염소 육과 육제품의 품종판별에 매우 유용한 DNA marker로 이용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.