• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.9-20
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• 2015

The demand of renewable energy is expected to grow in the long run in spite of current stable lower oil prices. Energy consumption for heating in horticulture greenhouse is large and affects the profits of the farms. This study analyzed the availability of biomass in rural area and proposed the strategies for utilizing the biomass for greenhouse heating. Data reveal the annual average fuel consumption in greenhouses is about 78 TOE/ha. Considering biomass resource in rural areas, agricultural residues are not sufficient to meet the biomass demand from greenhouses. Therefore it is recommended to secure further biomass including wild herbaceous biomass and woody biomass from forest. Based on the conditions of biomass gasification equipment investment and fuel prices, maximum allowable price of biomass turned out about 100,000 KRW/t to be competitive to kerosine. Biomass supply chain should be established for facilitating biomass trading between biomass consumers and biomass producers such as farmers who provide crop residues. An online trading system is an example of the system where consumers who utilize biomass make payments to suppliers and get the information about the biomass. Intermediate collection storages are required to store biomass from distributed sources. Operation of biomass heating systems in demonstration greenhouses is necessary to get information to refine and further develop commercial biomass heating systems. Relatively large greenhouses are desirable to have biomass heating systems for economic viability. The location of the greenhouse farms should be selected within the area where enough biomass resources are available for feeding the biomass facility.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2013

In this study, biomechanical stability of the newly developed revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) was evaluated through strain and stress distribution analysis within the implanted proximal tibia using a three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis. 2000N of compressive load (about 3 times body weight) was applied to the condyle surface on spacer, sharing by the medial (60%) and lateral (40%) condyles simulating a stance phase before toe-off. The results showed that PVMS within the revision total knee arthroplasty and the proximal tibia were less than yield strength considering safe factor 4.0 (rTKA: less than 10%, Cortical bone: less than 70%, Cancellous bone: less than 70%). The materials composed of them and the strain and stress distributions within the proximal tibia were generally well matched with those of a traditional revision total knee arthoplasty (Scorpio TS revision system, Stryker Corp., Michigan, USA) without the critical damage strain and stress, which may reduce the capacity for bone remodeling, leading to bone degeneration. This study may be useful to design parameter improvement of the revision total knee arthoplasty in biomechanical stability point of view beyond structural stability of revision total knee arthoplasty itself.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2017

Background: Recent studies have revealed that the properties Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly associated with are substance and energy metabolism. Our study aimed to compare the effect of red ginseng (RG) (warm property) and ginseng leaves (GL; cold property) on the substance and energy metabolism of rats with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: Rats were administered propylthiouracil intraperitoneally for 20 d to cause hypothyroidism. The reference group was orally administered Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia [FZ (Fuzi in Chinese)], while both the RG and GL groups were orally administrated crude drugs. The rectal, tail, toe, and axilla temperature of the rats were assayed every 3 d. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure were measured via TSE phenoMaster/LabMaster animal monitoring system. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase, fumarase, pyruvic acid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate were determined. Results: The lower levels of triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the higher level of thyroid stimulating hormone revealed the successful establishment of a hypothyroidism model. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure in the FZ and RG groups were obviously increased. The activity of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase and fumarase in the FZ and RG groups was significantly increased. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in the FZ and RG groups was increased, while the GL group showed the opposite. Conclusion: Our research provides a new way to explore the efficiency of Chinese medicine on the basis of the relationship between drug property and effects on substance and energy metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.111-124
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• 1983

The basic model of decision problem the enterprise is conforonted with includes the following 3 elements ; 1) Elements that can not be controlled by the decision maker : In the thesis elements are named environmental variables, and varied itself according to the change of environmental condition. 2) Elements that can be controlled by the decision maker ; These elements are called decision elements in the thesis and variable according to the event. 3) object of decision making : The degree of achievement to the object is identified by taking various criteria- The index indicating the degree of achievement to the object whatever criterion is applied is called object function in the thesis. It's the fanetion of environmental variable, decision variable and object function. The relation between them brings forth the relation formula that characterize the each problem. The basic types of decision making model use in the thesis are as following ; 1) The problem of decision making under conditions of certainty. 2) The problem of decision making under conditions of risk. 3) The problem of decision making under conditions of uncertainty. 4) The problem of decision making under competitive condition. in general case that the Profit of two decision makers varies, what we regard the decision that make the sum of profit of two men maximum as the best choice for two men has a reasonability in certain case. When the sum of profit two men is zero, by taking toe promise that ail of them art according to the min-max criteria and by extending the object of choice to the mixed strategy. We certify the existance of equilibrium solution and admit them as the best solution of competitive model in general.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1C
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

This paper simulates the piping effect, found levees with large difference in coefficient of permeability within the foundation such as the Gim-po Levee, via centrifuge model test which is a model test. We have also conducted a numerical analysis under the same conditions as the centrifuge model test to compare its results. First, we decided to use the centrifuge model based on the Gim-po Levee, and the tests were executed on a model levee with pore water pressure transducers. We have found that most of the water flows through the permeable layer and causes the piping effect. Via video camera footage, we have found that the piping effect occurred at the toe of the model levee. The characteristic of pressure head distribution, obtained from the pore water pressure transducers, also proves the occurrence of the piping effect. The numerical analysis results also showed the same results as the centrifuge model test. We have simulated the piping effect via centrifuge model test and believe that the centrifuge model test is viable for various tests, predictions and evaluation of the levee problems.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1997

From 1988 to 1997, we experienced 11 cases of glomus tumor in fingers(10 cases) and toe(1 case). All patients were female, and showed typical pain, tenderness, and cold sensitivity of the lesions. The locations were subungal in nine cases and in pulp from distal phalangeal bone in two cases. Three patients had histories of one or two failed previous operations, and two patients had another glomus tumor in their bodies. All except one had satisfactory results subjectively and without complications. One patient was operated by the excision of the tumor including germinal matrix and surrounding tissues of nail bed, and had a nail deformity in follow-up. The glomus tumor is not malignant to recur or metastasize in the case of complete excision. However, the surgeon should be alert not to injure or repair the nail bed meticulously after the excision of the tumor to prevent a late deformity of nail.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.332-340
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• 2019

Background: Studies of morphological variation within and among populations provide an opportunity to understand local adaptation and potential patterns of gene flow. To study the evolutionary divergence patterns of Schlegel's Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus) across its distribution, we analyzed data for 15 morphological characters of 324 individuals across 11 populations (2 in China, 4 in Japan, and 5 in Korea). Results: Among-population morphological variation was smaller than within-population variation, which was primarily explained by variation in axilla-groin length, number of infralabials, number of scansors on toe IV, and head-related variables such as head height and width. The population discrimination power was 32.4% and in cluster analysis, populations from the three countries tended to intermix in two major groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that morphological differentiation among the studied populations is scarce, suggesting short history for some populations after their establishment, frequent migration of individuals among the populations, and/or local morphological differentiation in similar urban habitats. Nevertheless, we detected interesting phenetic patterns that may predict consistent linkage of particular populations that are independent of national borders. Additional sampling across the range and inclusion of genetic data could give further clue for the historical relationship among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean populations of G. japonicus.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.174-178
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic results and complications after the proximal dome osteotomy for hallux valgus. Material and Methods: 127 cases of clinically moderate to severe hallux valgus from October 1994 to September 1997 were included in this study. All had been surgically corrected with proximal dome osteotomy, bunionectomy, and distal soft tissue release. We compared the hallux valgus angle(HVA) and intermetatarsal angle(IMA) at preoperative, postoperative 3 weeks, postoperative 6 weeks, and postoperative 3 months. Also we reviewed the postoperative com plications. Result: The HVA averaged $34.1^{\circ}$ at preoperative, $4.3^{\circ}$ at 3 weeks after operation, $8.1^{\circ}$ at 6 weeks after operation, and $10.2^{\circ}$ at 3 months after operation. The lMA averaged $14.6^{\circ}$ at preoperative, $5.1^{\circ}$ at 3 weeks after operation, $5.6^{\circ}$ at 6 weeks after operation, and $7.3^{\circ}$ at 3 months after operation. We experienced 7 cases of malunion, 5 cases of limitation of motin at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint, 3 cases of hallux varus deformity, 2 cases of delayed union. Conclusion: Proximal dome osteotomy for moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity was considered as one of the effective treatment methods. And we try to avoid limitation of motion at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint after operation.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.66-69
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• 2017

Purpose: This study reports on limb amputations in diabetic patients according to gender, age, and region based on the data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Materials and Methods: The number of amputations was compared by region, age, gender, and year, as well as by femoral region, lower leg, foot, and toe in diabetic patients who received limb amputation. This analysis was performed based on the data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, between January 2009 and December 2014. Results: The total number of amputations between the study period was 9,155. The number of patients who were treated at hospitals for diabetes in 2009 was 1.9 million, among which, 1,214 patients underwent amputation. In 2014, the incidence of diabetes was 1,747 in 2.58 million individuals. With this rising incidence of diabetes, the amputation of limbs due to diabetes is increasing every year. In particular, the following regions were amputated more often: femoral region, 2.3%; lower legs, 19.6%; feet, 18.1%; and toes 60.0%. Regarding gender differences, males showed a higher amputation rate than females for all body parts. With respect to region, Seoul was the highest with 30.2%, followed by Gyeonggi with 19.9%, and Busan with 8.8%. According to age, older age showed greater diabetic amputation rate. Conclusion: In accordance with the rising incidence of diabetes, the diabetic amputation is also increasing. Here, we showed that toes were amputated with the highest percentage and males had greater amputation rate than females for all body parts. Moreover, amputation rate was highest in older diabetic patients, especially for those in their seventies. Additionally, Seoul was the region with highest amputation rate.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2007

Purpose: An objective analysis and observations were to be done on hemiplegia patients that are wearing a walking support device, Stroke shoes. Their improvements in walking pace, the reduction of distance between the two knee joint, the increase of curve angle of the knee joint and their steps and the reduction of ankle joint upon swing phase were analyzed using a 20 walking analyzer. Methods: An examination was carried out to see the patients' communication skill and independent walking and then let them walk with the Stroke shoes on to get results before and after wearing it. Simi Reality Motion Systems GmbH (Germany, 2007) was used to analyze the results regarding knee joint and ankle joint angle changes of sagitta plane and coronal plane, stepping distances, distances between the knees and walking pace. Results: 1. The articulation angle of ankle joint during swing phase decreased and knee joint has shown a statistically significant increase in such value(p<0.05). 2. Only knee joint showed a significant increase in articulation angle during heel strike(p<0.05). 3. Knee joint showed a significant increase in articulation angle during toe off(p<0.05). 4. The distance between the two knees as well as their foot steps significantly decreased compared with when Stroke shoes were not worn(p<0.05). 5. Stroke shoes with FES have shown positive effects on the patients in improving their walking styles overall. (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was an improvement in rotation walking pattern by a reduction in the distance between the knees after wearing Stroke shoes with FES. Plantar flexion reduced that occurred in ankle joint during walking and flexion angle increased in knee joint, both of which improved foot drop which was a major problem in hemiplegia patients. Also it is believed that the device will have some positive influences on knee joint stiffening paralysis to aid in improving inefficient walking phases.