• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

Using 1996 annual observations for 69 bus firms in Seoul, this paper measures firm-level efficiency with data envelopment analysis(DEA) and identifies firm characteristics indicative of differential efficiency in these firms with Tobit regression analysis. The paper then conceptualizes that these firms produce two kinds of output(city/seat bus kilometers or city/seat bus Passengers) using four inputs (labor vehicle, fuel and maintenance). The findings show that, on an average, these firms have only a little input saving potential of 0.9 percent, while not a little output increasing potential of 12.9 percent. On the other hand, it is discovered that these firms operate more efficiently with a lower ratio of maintenance employees to total employees. Furthermore, it appears that both the ratio of seat buses to total buses and average speeds positively affect efficiency in this industry.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.545-555
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• 2021

This study aimed quantitatively to estimate the recent level of recognition of the public value of forests in Korea, to analyze the factors that affect their value, and to present implications. The average annual payment regarding the public value of forests estimated using the contingent valuation method was 234,170 won, broken down into 12 functionalities. The Tobit model was used to analyze demographic factors affecting the degree of willingness to pay, and the analysis showed that area of residence, age, marital status, occupation, household income, and visits to forest facilities all had statistically significant impacts on the degree of willingness to pay. Among these variables, living area (living in Seoul), marriage status (married), occupation (professional and office workers), and household income (more than the median income) were found to have a positive relationship with the degree of willingness to pay, while age and the number of visits to forest facilities were found to have a negative relationship. The implications are as follows: First, it is necessary to establish and implement policies to enhance positive perceptions of the various functions of forests and the legitimacy of protecting forest resources, considering that the public's valuation of various public functions provided by forests is directly related to changes in perception. Second, public evaluations of the public value of forests remain at a low level, meaning that education and promotions regarding the public value of forests need to be implemented and strengthened in the future. Finally, in order to form a consensus among people on the public functions of forests, customized promotions and educational events need to be implemented for non-Seoul residents, non-professionals, the unmarried, and for those who regularly visit forests.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.57-66
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• 2015

Objective : Private health insurance coverage in Korean medicine has been reduced since October 2009 for preventing unnecessary utilization. The aim of this study is to identify how private health insurance coverage reduction affects on the Korean medicine utilization. Method : We analyzed the Korea Health Panel data from 2008 to 2012. Panel negative binominal regression model was used to analyze the relationship between private health insurance coverage reduction and utilization of outpatient service. Panel tobit regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between private health insurance coverage reduction and health expenditure of outpatient service. Results : Private health insurance coverage reduction significantly dropped both utilization and health expenditure of outpatient service by 9%, 9.22% respectively. In addition, therapeutic utilization significantly decreased up to 10%. Conclusion : Private health insurance coverage reduction seems to have an effect to reduce both utilization and the health expenditure of Korean medicine outpatient service. This effect was more noticeable in the therapeutic utilization. Thus, more elaborate policy will be needed to prevent unnecessary utilization of Korean medicine.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the moderation effect of internal factor, a firms size, on the external knowledge sourcing strategy and its effectiveness in generating radical innovation. We incorporate concepts of breadth and depth as two measures to gauge the degree of openness in firms external search Research design and methodology - The dependent variable in the regression model is the percentage of innovative sales and therefore, Tobit regression is employed for estimating significant factors affecting on the ratio of first-to-market by breadth and depth in external knowledge, internationalization, and size. Results - The results show that the external knowledge, in terms of both breadth and depth, has a positive relationship with radical innovation. However internationalization as external knowledge resources is not statistically accepted. Firm size has moderating effect on innovation negatively only in case of using external knowledge resources to a high degree. Conclusions - Firms obtain external information mostly from customers, competitors, and suppliers etc. empirical knowledge in terms of scope and intensity is an important contributor to innovation. And intensity use of external knowledge and information resources can work in favor of smaller firms rather than larger ones. Internationalization seems to have little effect on innovation but it requires further researches with clear criteria and more data.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.591-599
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• 2021

The increased risk in financial firms, due to Global Financial Crises and high international trade activities, has encouraged banks to use derivatives for both managing their financial risk and earning non-operating income simultaneously. The present study brings new evidence in the existing literature by determining the drivers behind financial derivative usage in Pakistani banks for 2011 till 2016. Moreover, the paper examines how risk plays a moderating role in determining the relationship between derivative usage and bank value. While assessing the determinants, a two-stage test has conducted, first, the logit regression was used to test the drivers behind the derivative usage in banks. Second, Tobit regression was run to analyze the factors leading to determine the extent of derivative usage. The findings demonstrate that Pakistani banks are using derivatives for both risk management and speculative motive as they are customers and users of derivatives at the same time. Empirical results, regarding moderating role of risk on the value implications of derivative usage, provide mixed findings as derivative usage gives value premium in case of non-systematic risk and foreign exchange risk. Whereas value discounts have been observed for cases where systematic risk is high and managers try to earn non-operating income from speculative activities.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2023

This study seeks to determine if the efficiency of bank human resources, as played by human capital, impacts the performance and diversification of banks. This study uses secondary data from data obtained from 385 commercial banks in 33 countries in Asia during the 2010-2020 period with the diversification analysis method. We use the Z-score to measure the amount of standard deviation that must be from earnings (ROAA). We examined it using the Tobit regression technique. According to the regression estimation results, human capital has a significant role in the performance and effective diversification of Asian banks. The human capital efficiency coefficient (HCE) is significantly negative with the cost-to-income ratio (CTIR) and significantly positive with Profitability, Financial Stability, and cost efficiency score. The level of efficiency of human resources has an effective role in increasing human capital which has an impact on bank diversification and performance. The development of human resources in a human capital framework plays an important role in the diversification and improvement of bank performance. Human capital has a significant role in the performance and effective diversification of Asian banks. The level of efficiency of human resources has an effective role in increasing human capital which has an impact on bank diversification and performance.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.2609-2626
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• 2023

The hotel industry is an example of experiential services. As consumers cannot fully evaluate the online review content and quality of their services before booking, they must rely on several online reviews to reduce their perceived risks. However, individuals face information overload owing to the explosion of online reviews. Therefore, consumer cognitive fluency is an individual's subjective experience of the difficulty in processing information. Information complexity influences the receiver's attitude, behavior, and purchase decisions. Individuals who cannot process complex information rely on the peripheral route, whereas those who can process more information prefer the central route. This study further discusses the influence of the complexity of review information on hotel ratings using online attraction review data retrieved from TripAdvisor.com. This study conducts a two-level empirical analysis to explore the factors that affect review value. First, in the Peripheral Route model, we introduce a negative binomial regression model to examine the impact of intuitive and straightforward information on hotel ratings. In the Central Route model, we use a Tobit regression model with expert reviews as moderator variables to analyze the impact of complex information on hotel ratings. According to the analysis, five-star and budget hotels have different effects on hotel ratings. These findings have immediate implications for hotel managers in terms of better identifying potentially valuable reviews.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.195-217
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• 2014

This paper has explored when implementing SW development project of the IT service corporations, what factors affect its productivity in SW development methodology. The importance of the AHP analysis surveyed from the experts in IT service companies and related committee, was shown in the order of the following processes : 1) Deployment process 2) Management process 3) Establishment process. It is measured the methodology levels of establishment, deployment and management in each project using the survey results collected from project execution members and analyzed the productivity of projects that have been executed within 2 years. Using project methodology level, productivity correlation analysis, and regression analysis, this study confirms that the methodology deployment level brings positive effects significantly to SW development productivity. The significance of this study would be not only to research and analyze SW development productivity using the real project execution data but also to underline the necessities and the importance of steady research, deployment and support for SW development productivity improvement.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2012

Based on the survey on aquaculture management status in Nohwa-eup, Bogil-myeon, Wando-eup in Wando region, this study aimed to estimate productive efficiencies of abalone aquaculture production using a stochastic frontier approach (SFA) and to find out their determinants. In the analysis, a Cobb-Douglas production function with an inefficiency term that follows an halfnormal distribution was assumed for the estimation of productive efficiencies. Then, based on the outcomes of productive efficiencies, determinants of productive efficiency were investigated using a tobit regression model. Results showed that the average inefficiency was estimated to be 10% and the production size would be a statistically significant variable for the production. In addition, it was shown that the cage installing method would be an important factor affecting to the level of productive efficiency.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-38
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to take a new look at factors affecting the spending of retired elderly households by identifying the effects of different types of wealth components, along with socio-demographic factors, on current consumption. A tobit linear regression model was utilized to estimate parameters in the consumption functions. Data was drawn from the 1990 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Interview Survey in the United States.Total consumption and various consumption categories were the most responsive to changes in annual income flow and the least responsive to changes in property assets. The four wealth components differed in their influence on consumption categories among retired elderly households. In addition, age, residential area, household type, and education were found to be significant factors affecting total consumption and consumption categories of the retired elderly.