• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.5005-5009
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• 2016

Introduction: Gutkha contains harmful and carcinogenic chemicals and oral cancer caused by tobacco usage has been reported as a major preventable cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. The Telangana state government implemented a ban on gutkha usage starting in 2013 but how effective this ban has been remains unclear. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the actual impact of the gutkha ban on users and vendors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among gutkha users and tobacco vendors in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana. Based on a pilot study the sample size was determined as 368 and 384 for users and vendors respectively. Two separate questionnaires were administered to these groups. The parameters studied mainly included knowledge regarding the ban, and its impact. Results: About 49.1% of the users were aware of the ban on gutkha. Newspapers were the main source of information regarding the ban as reported by 45.3% of users. After the ban, 29.8% of gutkha users switched to other tobacco products. Awareness of health hazards and non-availability of gutkha was the most important reason stated for quitting or reducing consumption. Conclusion: The perspective of ban when visualized from the users point of view depicted a negative impact while the vendors portrayed a positive impact. Considering the addictive potential of the ingredients of gutkha, recording the effects of the ban on regular consumers and determining whether they can still obtain the products by illicit trade, would be noteworthy for implementation of strict rules.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10991-10992
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• 2015

Tobacco is a well known cause of death worldwide. With existing comprehensive laws and various other measures for tobacco control, the mortality and morbidity due to tobacco usage have unfortunately not been reduced. A large number of tobacco users have altered their pattern of tobacco use after the gutka ban. Traditional gutka is sold in the open market in a pre-mixed format. Manufacturers are supplying pan masala and tobacco in separate pouches as there is no restriction for sale of pan masala and tobacco individually in many states. Although most of the population is aware of the health hazards of tobacco, it is necessary to develop an effective structured strategy. Tobacco control programs need to be strengthened by separate tobacco control measures at various levels.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2016

Objectives: Tobacco marketing encourages smoking initiation of non-smokers, especially adolescents, and it hinders quit intention of those who smoke or who attempt to quit smoking. Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(WHO FCTC) requests a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship(TAPS). Ratified the Convention in 2005, Korea has partially implemented the provisions. However, online marketing regulations are still insufficient. Methods: Based on relevant national and international regulations, this research designed monitoring mechanism for online tobacco marketing and studied 1,404 websites to identify current situation of online sales and advertisement of tobacco in Korea. Results: This study found that online trade of tobacco products are overtly conducted, while tobacco advertising with flavoring and misleading descriptors are also prevalent. Also, online tobacco marketing facilitate adolescents' access to tobacco product and that advertising and promotion activities lead to tobacco purchase without difficulties. Conclusions: Fundamental solution to prevent online tobacco advertisement and promotion is banning online sales of tobacco and conducting a regular monitoring for compliance. Korean government should consider establishing an official surveillance system for online tobacco advertisement, followed by a comprehensive ban on TAPS to fulfill its obligation as a Party to the FCTC.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1990년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.42-43
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• 1990

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10637-10642
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• 2015

Background: Section 5 of India's tobacco control legislation "Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003"comprehensively prohibits all kinds of tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS), but permits advertisments at the point-of-sale (POS) under certain conditions. This provision has been exploited by the tobacco companies to promote their products. Objective: To measure compliance with the provisions of Section 5 of Indian tobacco control legislation (COTPA, 2003) at point of sale. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using an observation checklist was conducted in 1860 POS across three jurisdictions (Chennai city, District Vadodara and District Mohali) in India. Results: The most common mode of advertisement of tobacco products was product showcasing (51.1%), followed by dangles (49.6%), stickers (33.8%) and boards (27.1%). More than one fourth of POS were found violating legal provisions for displaying advertisement boards in one or other forms (oversized, extended to full body lenth of POS, displayed brandname/packshot and promotional messages). Advertisement boards (16.3%) without health warnings were also found and wherever found, more than 90% health warning were not as per the specification in respect to size, font and background color. Conclusions: Point of sale advertising is aggressively used by the tobacco industry to promote their products. There is an urgent need of effective implementation of a comprehensive ban on tobacco product advertisement, promotion and sponsorship at point of sale.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권s01호
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• pp.124-138
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• 1988

This paper comprised a review of published literature dealing with the evaluation of tobacco quality and usability. Evaluation of tobacco quality and usability seems to be difficult not only due to our inability to define them in simple and easily measurable term but also due to their relations to the profitability of tobacco companies and safety of comsumers. Chemical constituents and smoking taste and aroma of the tobacco represent the underlying basis for tobacco quality: however, tobacco is still purchased upon its physical appearance. Grade and value system is very convenient for evaluating the tobacco quality, if the system is based on the triangular relationship of physical appearance, chemical and smoking properties of tobacco, and also based on intrinsic quality of the tobacco independent of external influences. Grade and value system for tobacco in Korea is thought to be influenced by external factors besides intrinsic quality. Therefore, we have to concern new systems that could be supplement to, or replacement for currently available grade and value system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2014

Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 1986

묘삼생산(苗蔘生産)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 양직묘포(養直苗圃) 32, 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃) 19개포장(個圃場)에서 묘삼수량(苗蔘收量)과 묘포토양(苗圃土壤)의 이(理), 화학성(化學性)을 조사(調査)하고 그들간(間)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 발아율(發芽率)은 양직묘포(養直苗圃) $78.5{\pm}3.0%$, 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃) $77.8{\pm}2.8$였으며 파종입수(播種粒數)에 대(對)한 묘삼총생산본수비율(苗蔘總生産本數比率)(성묘율(成苗率))은 양직묘포(養直苗圃) $62{\pm}13.5%$, 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃) $53{\pm}12.6%$였다. 2. 파종입수(播種粒數)에 대(對)한 사용가능묘삼비율(使用可能苗蔘比率)은 양직(養直) $42{\pm}12.5%$, 반양직(半養直) $26{\pm}12.1%$였으며 사용가능묘삼수(使用可能苗蔘數)는 양직묘포(養直苗圃) $627{\pm}187$본(本)/간(間)(간(間)=$180{\times}90cm$의 면적(面積)), 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃) $368{\pm}182$본(本)/간(間)이었다. 3. 성묘본수(成苗本數)에 대(對)한 불용묘삼수비율(不用苗蔘數比率)은 양직묘포(養直苗圃) 34%, 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃) 51%였다. 4. 지상부생육(地上部生育)과 지하부생육간(地下部生育間)에는 유의상관(有意相關)이 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 5. 양직묘포(養直苗圃)에서 경장(莖長) 및 엽장(葉長)은 조사함량(粗砂含量)과 부(負)의 상관(相關), 극세사함량(極細砂含量)과는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 각각(各各) 인정(認定)되었다. 6. 사용가능묘삼비율(使用可能苗蔘比率)과 중사(中砂), 세사(細砂) 및 극세사(極細砂)의 총함량(總含量)과 정(正)의 상관(相關), 조사함량(粗砂含量)과는 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 각각(各各) 인정(認定)되었다. 개체근중(個體根重)과 중사(中砂), 세사(細砂) 및 극세사(極細砂)의 함량간(含量間)에 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되었다. 7. 유기물(有機物), 유효인산(有效燐酸) 및 가리(加里)의 함량(含量)은 양직묘포(養直苗圃)에 비(比)해 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃)에서 많았으나 석회(石灰)의 함량(含量)은 오히려 양직묘포(養直苗圃)에서 많았다. 8. 주당엽면적(株當葉面積)은 유기물함량(有機物含量)과, 경장(莖長)은 석회함량(石灰含量)과 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 각각(各各) 인정(認定)되었고, 지하부생육(地下部生育)과 토양요인간(土壤要因間)에 반양직묘포(半養直苗圃)에서는 개체근중(個體根重)과 유기물(有機物) 및 고토함량간(苦土含量間)에는 각각(各各) 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되었으나 양직묘포(養直苗圃)에서는 어느 요인(要因)과도 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되지 않았다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.336-346
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• 2017

Objectives: To characterize the usage patterns of new types of tobacco products (NTTPs) to develop effective strategies for the regulation of NTTPs in Korea. Methods: We conducted focus group interviews to identify the NTTP usage patterns of research subjects. The NTTPs were limited to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), waterpipe tobacco, and rolling tobacco. We categorized 30 research subjects into 4 groups. The ecigarette group was divided into adult and adolescent groups. Each group contained 7-8 subjects. An interview lasting approximately 2 hours was conducted with each group. Results: Ninety percent of NTTP users used an NTTP in combination with conventional cigarettes. Subjects mostly bought NTTPs online, unlike how they bought cigarettes. Additionally, a great deal of information, such as how to use NTTPs and descriptions of NTTP products, was exchanged through online or offline societies. The primary reason why the subjects used NTTPs was that NTTPs offer a greater range of flavors and aromas than cigarettes. Moreover, NTTPs were felt to be less repulsive than cigarettes. NTTPs were not used as a cigarette substitute; rather, they were mostly used in places and situations where traditional cigarette smoking was not allowed. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the government should conduct studies on the effects of the combined use of NTTPs and cigarettes on the human body, obtain and provide accurate data regarding NTTP use, and develop and implement polices to ban NTTP advertising, which may arouse adolescents' curiosity, and the addition of flavoring substances to tobacco products.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

Passive exposure to tobacco smoke significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in children. Children, in particular, seem to be the most susceptible population to the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Paternal smoking inside the home leads to significant maternal and fetal exposure to ETS and may subsequently affect fetal health. ETS has been associated with adverse effects on pediatric health, including preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal mortality, respiratory illness, neurobehavioral problems, and decreased performance in school. A valid estimation of the risks associated with tobacco exposure depends on accurate measurement. Nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, are commonly used as smoking biomarkers, and their levels can be determined in various biological specimens such as blood, saliva, and urine. Recently, hair analysis was found to be a convenient, noninvasive technique for detecting the presence of nicotine exposure. Because nicotine/cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, it is a unique measure of longterm, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Although smoking ban policies result in considerable reductions in ETS exposure, children are still exposed significantly to tobacco smoke not only in their homes but also in schools, restaurants, child-care settings, cars, buses, and other public places. Therefore, more effective strategies and public policies to protect preschool children from ETS should be consolidated.