• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1982

To evaluate the quality of commercial dehydrated tea-products, the relationships between particle sizes, densities, moisture absorption & desorption and color appearance were studied by using Hunter-lab tristimulus colorimeter and spectrophotometer. Among the tea-products was held no significant relation between particle sizes and color appearance but red ginseng extract powder (RGEP) was included L, a and b values when was reduced particle size. appearance color of tea-products indicated red-orange color, L, a and b values were ranged 32.7 to 48.0, 4.0 to 10.0 and 5.6 to 18.0, respectively, densities of tea-products ranged 0.232 to 0.898 g/ml and increased L values, Hunter's a/b ratio values was included in 0.61 to 0.90. Color stability in this products was well agreed with decrease of total color difference value ($\Delta$E) and chromaticity difference value ($\Delta$C) of the Hunter-lab color data.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.398-409
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate environmental exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) by conducting an analysis of the concentration of TSNAs in deposited dust collected from a fertilizer plant and the surrounding village, a simulation of high-temperature drying of tobacco waste, and CALPUFF modeling. Methods: The raw materials of the products, deposited dust (inside and outside the plant and residential area), soil, and wastewater were sampled and the TSNA concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. As the plant was closed down before the investigation, simulation tests were conducted to confirm the substances discharged during high-temperature (300℃) drying of tobacco waste. CALPUFF modeling was performed to identify the area of influence due to exposure to TSNAs. Results: TSNAs were detected in organic fertilizers estimated to contain tobacco waste, deposited dust, and soil collected from inside and outside the plant. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) components were detected in five of 15 deposited dust samples collected from the residential area around the plant, while TSNAs were not detected in the five sampling points in the control area. Also, the simulation test for the high temperature drying of tobacco waste found emissions of TSNAs. The CALPUFF modeling results showed that the survey area was likely to be included in the area of influence of TSNA emissions from the plant. Conclusions: It is estimated that harmful tobacco ingredients such as TSNAs were dispersed in nearby areas due to the illegal use of tobacco waste as a raw material to produce organic fertilizers at the plant. These findings assume that the residents have been exposed to TSNAs and suggest that the need for the establishment of measures to manage environmental health.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a tobacco specific nitrosamine found only in tobacco products. The ability to monitor biomarker concentrations is very important in understanding environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In this study, an efficient and sensitive method for the analysis of NNK in dust was developed and validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Dust was collected with filter paper soaked in methanol. The standard solution and dust sample were diluted with 100 mM ammonium acetate and extracted using dichloromethane. Our calibration curves ranged from 25 to $10^4pg/mL$. Excellent linearity was obtained with correlation coefficient values between 0.9996 and 1.0000. The limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg/mL ($S/N{\geq}3$) and the retention time was 10 min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 25 pg/mL, and the acceptance criteria was the rate of 98-103% (80-120% at levels up to $3{\times}LOQ$). The coefficient of variations (CV) was 2.8%. Accuracies determined from dust samples spiked with four different levels of NNK racurves ranged that from 25 to 104 pg/mL. Excellent linearity was obtained between 92.1% and 114%. The precision of the method was acceptable (5% of CV). The recovery rates of the whole analytical procedure at low, medium, and high levels were 105.7-116.5% for NNK. The carry-over effects during LC-MS/MS analysis were not observed for NNK. This manuscript summarizes the scientific evidence on the use of markers to measure ETS.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1970

The process of the forced aging of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied extensively from various scientific points of view. The Flue-cured tobacco leaves were inoculated and fermented with nicotine resistant Hansenula yeast, or the leaves were subjected under simple forced aging. The above two processes of forced aging were studied from the summarized points of microbiology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, and the resulted products ware compared in their physical, chemical and biochemical quality determining factors with that of raw material tobacco leaves (dried-tobacco leaves) and 2 years aged high quality tobacco leaves. The summary results were as follows. 1) The Korean flue-cured tobacco leaves, were forcedly aged under the basic optimum aging condition, temperature $40^{\circ}C$, moisture contents 18%, relative humidity 74%. It was found that this aging condition was the best in bringing the quality of forcedly aged tobacco leaves to the utmost state. 2) Under this optimum temperature and moisture condition of forced aging in about 20 days the forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with yeast inoculation and without yeast inoculation showed the equivalent tobacco qualities comparable with that of more than 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 3) The forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with and without yeast inoculation under $40^{\circ}C$ temperature and $74^{\circ}C$ relative humidity achieved the necessary quality determining physical and chemical changes in about 20 days. 4) The microbial changes during the forced aging were as follows. The population of yeasts and bacteria increased until to 15 days of aging, then decreased thereafter. Whereas the molds grew continously until the end of fermentation. 5) The tobacco quality determing physico-chemico-properties of yeast inoculated aged and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves, progressed as the follows in time. As the forced aging progresses, swelling and combustibility properties were improved. The pH, total reducing materials, total sugars, alkaloids contents decreased. The contents of organic and ether extractable materials increased. The total nitrogen, protein, crude fiber, ash contents showed no changes. The color properties, excitation purity, luminance, main wave length, showed equivalent changes comparable with that of 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 6) The changes in chemical components in yeast treated and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves during $15{\sim}20{\;}days$ of forced aging were as follows. The following chemical components decreased as the aging. Sugars-sucrose. rhamnose, glucose. Pigments-chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyll and violax anthine. Polyphenols-rutin, chlorogenic and, coffeic acid. Organic acids-iso-butylic, crotonic, caprylic, galacturonic, tartaric, succinic, citric acid. Alkaloids-nicotine, nornicotine. The following components increased as the forced aging progressed. Sugars-frutose, maltose, raffinose. Amino acids-proline, cystine. Organic acids-formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, malic, oxalic, malonic, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$, fumaric, glutaric acid. 7) During the forced aging of tobacco Leaves the oxygen-uptake decreased gradually. The enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase, ${\beta}-amylase$ ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased gradually. The activities of the enzymes, catalase, and invertase increased once then decreased at the later stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

This study was carried out to determine the analytical methods for heterocyclic amines(HAs) of the tobacco smoke by LC/MS/MS. HAs have been found in pyrolysate of protein and cooked food including protein, were known the Sugimura compound. HAs content of the smoke were known to exist very low ppb level. Especially, some of HAs are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. In according to IARC, the toxicity of N-heterocyclic amines classified IARC class 2A or 2B group. Precursors of these compounds are glutamic acid, protein and free amino acids including tryptophan, therefore, the precursors have been proved in cooked food continuously. This study was investigate multiple analysis methods for HAs and HAs contents of some commercial products. In this study, we used the linear type smoking machine for HAs analysis. At the ISO conditions, mainstream smoke was collected on cambridge filter pad, and then cambridge filter pad was extracted by 0.1% acetic acid. The extracted solution were passed cation exchange SPE cartridge to remove matrix, samples were analyzed using LC/MS/MS on MRM mode. From the result that optimized this methods, the correlation coefficient(R) of the individual compounds were good linearity over 0.999, recovery rate over 96% and the limit of detection were good values between 0.06 to 0.37 ng/mL, In addition, HAs content of some commercial products were in range of 0.02 to 43.8 ng/cig.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2023

As the use of e-liquid cigarettes is rapidly increasing worldwide, it multiplies the potential risk undisclosed to the health of non- and smokers. To reduce the hazard, each country has its own set of regulations for controlling e-liquids. In Korea, the narrow definition of tobacco makes it difficult and have been steadily occurring tax evasion exploiting the difference in natural and artificial nicotine. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish source of nicotine for their regulation. To find biochemical discriminant markers, this study established analysis methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple Quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for nicotine enantiomers and tobacco alkaloids targeted using the difference in pathways of nicotine biosynthesis and chemical synthesis. The method was validated by experimenting linearity (R² > 0.999), recovery (80.99-108.41 %), accuracy (94.11-109.73 %) and precision (0.04-8.27 %). Then, the results for discrimination of the nicotine obtained from analysis of 65 commercial e-liquid products available in Korean market was evaluated. The method successfully applied to the e-liquids and one sample labelled 'synthetic nicotine' for tax exemption was found to contain a natural nicotine product. This method can be used to determine whether an e-liquid product uses natural or artificial nicotine and monitor non-taxable e-liquid products. The method is more scientific than the existing one, which relies only on field evidence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2002

Nowadays a huge variety of products that aim to assist to quit smoking or reduce addictive symptoms are developed and manufactured with safety evaluation, but the safety of the most recent products of interest which do not contain tobacco and nicotine, and shape cigarettes is not evaluated and guaranteed relatively.(omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2003

$\beta$ -Glucosidase-catalysed synthesis of glucosides with aromatic alcohols and monoterpene alcohols as accepters and cellobiose as a donor in the presence of various commercial $\beta$ -glucosidases were described. $\beta$ -Glucosidases from Aspergillus niger spp,. Trichoderma spp., Penicillium sup. and bitter almond have been shown to catalyze synthesis of $\beta$ -glucosides of benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, geraniol and citronellol in the presence of cellobiose as sugar donor. Among enzyme preparations tested, each $\beta$ -glucosides prepared from Aspergillus niger were isolated in the pure state by Diaion HP-20 and silica gel column chromatography. The products were identified as $\beta$ -glucosyl products of benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxyhenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol, geraniol and citronellol by spectrometry (UV, IR, $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$ C-NMR) and enzymatic hydrolysis with $\beta$ - glucosidase. Monoterpene alcohols with a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, such as linalool, $\ell$-menthol and $\alpha$-terpineol were not used as acceptors in transglycosylation reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1988

The volitile compounds Produced from the Maillard reaction of D-glucose and DL-alanine or DL-$\alpha$-aminobutyric acid using water or propylene glycol as a reaction amdeum were analysed by gas chromatofiraphy and mass spectrometry. From two kinds of reaction products in water 18 compounds were identified. The major compounds in a reaction product of glucose with alanine were 5-hydroxy methyl-2-furfural, 2-acetyl pyrrole and 2-formyl-5-methyl pyrrole, and those in a reaction product of glucose with $\alpha$-aminobutyric acid were 2-ethyl crotonaldehyde and 2-methyl-3, 5-dihydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one including the above 3 compounds. From two kinds of reaction products in propylene glycol solution, 35 compounds were identified. The major compounds in a reaction product of glucose with alanine were alkyl pyraainef, 2-methyl furfuryl alcohol and 2-acetyl pyrrole, and those in a reaction product of glucose with $\alpha$-aminobutyric acid were propionaldehyde PGA, 2-ehtyl crotonaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyrrole and 2-acetyl-5-ethyl furan.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1990

Investigations on the liability of nitrogen usuage by Nostoc muscorum that has nitrogen fixing ability, and cultured tobacco cells as they were associately cultured on nitrogen-free media and effects of polyamine on the associated culture condition were carried out. In addition, measurement on the activity of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase that take part in the metabolic pathway of nitrogen fixation product were performed. Among enzymes participating in the metabolic pathway of nitrogen fixation products, the activity of nitrogen reductase stimulated five times in associated culture, and that of glutamine synthetase of N. muscorum increased two times after heterocyst differentiated. Activity of glutamate dehydrogenase increased markedly when cultured tobacco cells were solely incubated on nitrogen-free media, but inhibited when cultured associately. And, glutamate synthase was showed the highest activity in 0.1 mM of spermine treated group.