• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.2 s.52
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• pp.141-151
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the characterization of the pyrolysis products of tobacco constituents such as cellulose, lignin and tobacco additives. The pyrolysis condition was designed to simulate the pyrolysis/distillation zone$(200\~600^{\circ}C)$ and combustion zone$(700\~950^{\circ}C)$of burning com in the smoking cigarette. The pyrolysis products were determined by GC/MS after pyrolysis using Double-Shot pyrolyzer. In the case of cellulose and lignin, the number of pyrolysis product in the condition that simulate the pyrolysis/distillation zone was much more than the combustion zone simulating one. The major products of cellulose were levoglucosan, furfural, and 1, 6-anhydro-$\beta$-D-glucofuranose and that of lignin were phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, and 1, 2-dimethoxy benzene. In the case of tobacco additives such as 2, 6-dimethyl pyrazine, maltol, and piperonal, the pyrolysis products of these additives were evaporated from the pyrolyszer at least $96\%$ intactly. These results indicate that tobacco constituents such as cellulose and lignin were thermally degraded at the pyrolysis/distillation zone and thoroughly broke down at the combustion zone, but tobacco additives were intactly evaporated from burning com of smoking cigarette.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7535-7540
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• 2015

Background: Early initiation of smoking and chewing of diverse forms of tobacco among youth in India is a significant driver for tobacco epidemic in India. Several socio-demographic factors are predictors of tobacco use in populations, especially among youth. Interventions which address these socio-demographic factors can help policy makers to curb new initiations and avert morbidity and mortality due to tobacco use. Objective: To study the various sociodemographic variables associated with tobacco use among youth in India. Materials and Methods: Secondary analysis of data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey-India 2009-10 for the age group of 15-24 years was performed and predictors of smoking and smokeless tobacco were analyzed using data on occupation, education, and other sociodemographic factors. Results: In India there are a total of 51.3 million (22.1%) youth (15-24 years) tobacco users. Of these 35.1 million consumes chewable tobacco (15.1%), 16.2 million smoke (7%) and 1.6 million are dual users (3.1%). Males, urban, less educated, un-employed and those belonging to middle class preferred smoking over chewing; whereas, females, rural, students and those belonging to low socio-economic class are predictors of smokeless tobacco use. The major determinants of dual users are male sex, poor socio-economic strata and student class. The overall tobacco use was higher among males, rural populations, lower socioeconomic strata and un-employed class. Conclusions: India's youth is more susceptible to the tobacco addiction, especially of smokeless tobacco. Youth from rural India especially students, girls and those from poor socio-economic strata prefer to use smokeless tobacco products whereas urban, male and those less educated prefer smoking tobacco products. More population-based and region-focused research is needed to understand initiation patterns into tobacco use among youth so as to inform policymakers to devise new policy measures to curb the growing epidemic.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.4173-4176
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• 2012

Background: Adolescent tobacco use is a major public health problem. However, there is little information about the impact of tobacco advertising and availability near schools on adolescent tobacco use in India. Methods: The various tobacco products and brands available in outlets within 100 meters of two high schools in an Indian town were identified. A stratified random sample of 172 participants from these two schools completed a questionnaire on tobacco use and socioeconomic status. Results: Eighteen outlets selling tobacco products were identified. In the two schools the current use of smoked and smokeless tobacco was 9.1% and 17.4% respectively. School location and low socio-economic status of adolescents were associated with tobacco awareness of advertisements (p=0.001) and the receipt of a free sample (p= 0.032). Advertisements on billboards, posters and the receipt of a free tobacco sample were significant factors (p=0.031, p=0.016, p=0.017 respectively) in current tobacco use. Conclusion: In this study a significant proportion of adolescents used tobacco. Tobacco-promotion activities (advertising, the receipt of a free sample), school location and economic status were found to be associated with adolescent tobacco initiation. The local environment should be included in the prevention of adolescent tobacco initiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2005

Characterizing nicotine delivery from tobacco products is important in the understanding of their addictive potential. Most previous studies report total nicotine and have not differentiated between nicotine in its protonated or free-base form. The amount of free nicotine calculated by determining pH and nicotine contents. The pH and nicotine contents in smokeless tobacco product, tobacco products and tobacco leaves were analyzed by Health Canada-Official Method T-310 and CORESTA Recommended Method $N^{\circ}62$. The content of free nicotine was calculated according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the value of $\alpha_{fb}$(the fraction of nicotine that is in the free base form) by using a pKa value of 8.02 for nicotine. The percentage of free nicotine then was calculated by dividing the free nicotine content by total nicotine content. The pH value and percentage of free nicotine ranged from 5.01 to 5.45 and $0.10\%\;to\;0.27\%$ in cut tobacco and 5.10 to 7.10 and $0.12\%\;to\;10.73\%$ in tobacco leaves, respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 1987

The Maillard reaction products between amino acids and sugars are used effectively as flavors for processed foods and tobacco. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the toxicological effects of maillard browned compounds. Therefore, we have tested the safety on the three-types of Maillard products (KG-19, KG-24 and KG-32) prepared from this Research Institute. Throughout the observation period of the acute toxicity study in rats and the mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100), the test articles did not show any sigificant toxic or mutagenic signs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 1984

In order to survey the distribution of molds in Korean Ginseng and its products, molds were isolated from their sample to obtain 22 strains. Among them, 3 strains were found to produce aflatoxin and identified as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus paraciticus and Penicillium puberulum. The type of aflatoxin produce was identified as $B_1$, $B_2$ and $G_1$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 1987

The pyrolysis of geometrical isomers of 9-octadecenoic acid were conducted at $600^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen, and its pyrolytic behaviors were investigated. The pyrolytic products of both fatty acids, cis-9-octadecenoic acid(oleic acid) and trans-9-octadecenoic acid(elaidic acid), were analyzed using a gas chromatograph and GC/MS spectrometer. Twenty-seven different compounds were identified from these pyrolyzates, and the chief products of them were ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons. And also, the pyrolytic mechanisms of two geometrical isomers of this fatty acid were discussed by a comparison of experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.2 s.52
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to compare the composition of major essential oil components in the flue-cured tobacco produced by Korea, America, China, Brazil and Zimbabwe. Above 100 essential oil components were separated by GC and major 18 components of them, known to be important contributors to flue-cured tobacco flavor and smoke taste, were identified by GC/MS. Neophytadiene was major in quantities in the oils mostly and its composition in flue-cured tobacco produced by Korea, America, Zimbabwe, Brazil, and Unnam and Yenji region of China was 26.82\%,\;25.17\%,\;26.50\%,\;16.92\%,\;and\;18.75\%\;and\;14.87\%$, respectively. Megastigmatrienone, one of the major tobacco carotenoid degradation products was contained above $10\%$ in the oils of flue-cured tobacco produced by Korea and America, but, it was comprised about $5.66\%$ to 8.00 in Brazil, Zimbabwe, and Unnam and Yenji region of China. Damascenone is important to the aroma of tobacco as a crotenoid degradation products. Its amount in the oils was $3.31\%\;in\;Brazil,\;3.13\%\;in\;America,\;2.57\%\;in\;Zimbabwe,\;2.54%$ in Yenji of China, $2.00\%$ in Korea and $1.85\%$ in Unnam of China. These results can furnish the basic information capable of evaluating the quality value of flue-cured tobacco produced by various nations.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5113-5119
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• 2016

Purpose:The present qualitative study explored adolescents' perceptions regarding effective strategies to prevent adolescents from using tobacco products (TP). Apart from the commercial TPs, there has been emerging use of alternatives such as vapes, e-cigarettes and shisha. This unfortunate phenomenon continues despite the currently available preventive strategies. Thus, understanding of the perceptions of the current generation would be valuable to provide new insights. Methods: Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit 40 adolescents between the age of 15 and 16 years old attending public daily secondary schools. Eight focus group discussions were conducted among the TP users, ex-users and non-users. Data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis procedure with NVivo. Results: Among barriers with the currently available strategies were having teachers who smoke tobacco, addiction to nicotine and self-perceptions of being healthy. The content of any program should include knowledge on negative outcomes of using tobacco products and awareness of the legislation together with ways to overcome peer and family influence including improving self-efficacy and refusal skills. Strategies were suggested to be delivered using information technology which provides interactive learning and visual effects. Conclusions: Adolescents agreed that the content and delivery of tobacco use prevention strategies need to be revised to suit the current generation to ensure sustainability.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 1995

In order to elucidate the cytotoxicity-structure correlation of ginseng-derived components, several prosapogenins and sapogenins were prepared from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) saponins by acid hydrolysis or alkaline cleveage, and their chemical structures were identified by a combination of spectral and physical methods. Some of these degradation products showed the cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, A549, SK-OV-3, SK-Mel-2, P388, L1210 and K562. The significant difference in cytotoxicity between stereoisomers was not found and the activity was inversely proportional to the number of sugars linked to sapogenins. Diol-type prosapogenins and sapogenins showed higher cytotoxicity than triol-type ones.