• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.390-408
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• 2019

Objectives: Several pattern diagnosis questionnaires have been developed to objectify the process of pattern diagnosis in Korean medicine. In this context, this study aimed to develop a food retention questionnaire for functional dyspepsia (FRQ-FD) by modifying the previously developed food retention questionnaire (FRQ) and to verify its reliability and validity. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify the optimal cut-off value of the FRQ-FD for standardization and use in clinical situations. Methods: To develop the FRQ-FD, we extracted the major symptoms of food retention pattern for functional dyspepsia from Chinese/Korean medicine textbooks and requested an importance survey from experts using the Delphi method. The first draft of the FRQ-FD was composed of 25 questions comprising 8 questions from the textbooks and the Delphi method and 17 questions from the FRQ already developed in 2013. To analyze its reliability, validity, and optimal cut-off value, 60 subjects were enrolled in this study from June 25 to August 13, 2018. Thirty patients were diagnosed as both functional dyspepsia and food retention pattern, and 30 healthy participants were not. All participants were requested to fill up the FRQ-FD, Stomach Qi Deficiency Questionnaire (SQDQ), Scale for Stomach Qi Deficiency pattern (SSQD), visual analog scale (VAS) for dyspepsia, Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), and functional dyspepsia-related quality of life (FD-QoL). Results: No statistically significant differences were found in sex distribution, age, and body mass index between the patient group and the control group. As five questions affected the reliability negatively and three questions affected the clinical validity negatively, we decided to exclude the eight questions upon further investigation. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient of the revised FRQ-FD (17 items) was 0.899, and its clinical validity was verified. Construct validity was analyzed by factor analysis and produced five factors. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the revised FRQ-FD and the other dyspepsia scales, namely, SQDQ, SSQD, VAS, NDI-K, and FD-QoL. VAS and NDI-K especially had strong positive correlations with FRQ-FD. Conclusions: The FRQ-FD developed in this study can provide fundamental reliability and validity for a pattern diagnosis questionnaire. FRQ-FD can help to diagnose food retention pattern in functional dyspepsia patients. Further studies are required to inspect several statistical factors.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.9.1-9.7
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• 2012

Filamentous phages have been in the limelight as a new type of nanomaterial. In this study, genetically and chemically modified fd phage was used to generate a biomimetic phage self-assembly product. Positively charged fd phage (p8-SSG) was engineered by conjugating 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to hydroxyl groups of two serine amino acid residues introduced at the N-terminus of major coat protein, p8. In particular, formation of a phage network was controlled by changing mixed ratios between wild type fd phage and APTES conjugated fd-SSG phage. Assembled phages showed unique bundle and network like structures. The bacteriophage based self-assembly approach illustrated in this study might contribute to the design of three dimensional microporous structures. In this work, we demonstrated that the positively charged APTES conjugated fd-SSG phages can assemble into microstructures when they are exposed to negatively charged wild-type fd phages through electrostatic interaction. In summary, since we can control the phage self-assembly process in order to obtain bundle or network like structures and since they can be functionalized by means of chemical or genetic modifications, bacteriophages are good candidates for use as bio-compatible scaffolds. Such new type of phage-based artificial 3D architectures can be applied in tuning of cellular structures and functions for tissue engineering studies.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.296.2-296.2
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• 2002

Our previous study demonstrated that 2.3', 4.4'. 5- Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) showed an antiestrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In the present study. we examined the effect of PCB 118 on postnatal reproductive development in female rats. PCB 118 (0.001. 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered to pregnant female SD rats from gestation day (GO) 6 to 18 via subcutaneous injection. and developmental parameters such as vaginal opening were determined. PCB 118 significantly delayed vaginal opening of female offsprings at dose of 0.1 ${\mu}g$/kg/day. whereas had no effects on body weights. In addition. in utero treatment of PCB 118 caused significant decreases in serum levels of E2, T3 and T4 in female oftsprings at certain doses on postnatal day (PND) 22. Our data of results indicate that in utero exposure to PCB 118 may postnatal reproductive development in female rat through its antiestrogenic activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.105-108
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• 2003

In the framework of universal multimedia access, one challenge for video transmission (communication) is to deliver video content through heterogeneous network channels matching the diversity of client devices. As one of the many adaptation methods, media transcoding is commonly considered. Particularly, FD (Frame Dropping)/CD Coefficient Dropping) transcoding is used due to the low computational complexity and simple implementation. In this scheme, CD is simply implemented by truncating the high frequency AC DCT coefficient bits. But, the CD error tends to be propagated within single GOV. In this paper, we derive the distortion relationships between CD error and propagation error, and investigate the error characteristics by computer simulations. The CD error characteristics can be effectively used in the FD/CD transcoding scheme.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.311-318
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• 2016

Recent vehicles are using car internal network for various purposes such as vehicle control, diagnostic functions, and ECU program upgrade. Currently CAN and FlexRay are the most representative networks. In the next-generation network, the use of CAN FD and car ethernet is actively studied. In this paper, we aimed to compare and evaluate the diagnostic function and the program of the ECU from the upgrade view on characteristics related to download time for each network when CAN, CAN FD, and FlexRay network are applied. As a result of the simulation, it was possible to determine that the CAN FD network is currently the most suitable for the next-generation network by suppressing other networks in terms of cost performance even under conditions of 500 Kbps and 2 Mbps which are practically usable speeds.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.120.1-120.1
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• 2012

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) launched on June 16, 2009 has six experiments including of the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) onboard. The CRaTER instrument characterizes the radiation environment to be experienced by humans during future lunar missions. The CRaTER instrument measures the effects of ionizing energy loss in matter specifically in silicon solid-state detectors due to penetrating solar energetic protons (SEP) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) after interactions with tissue-equivalent plastic (TEP), a synthetic analog of human tissue. The CRaTER instrument houses a compact and highly precise microdosimeter. It measures dose rates below one micro-Rad/sec in silicon in lunar radiation environment. Forbush decrease (FD) event is the sudden decrease of GCR flux. We use the data of cosmic ray and dose rates observed by the CRaTER instrument. We also use the CME list of STEREO SECCHI inner, outer coronagraph and the interplanetary CME data of the ACE/MAG instrument.We examine the origins and the characteristics of the FD-like events in lunar radiation environment. We also compare these events with the FD events on the Earth. We find that whenever the FD events are recorded at ground Neutron Monitor stations, the FD-like events also occur on the lunar environments. The flux variation amplitude of FD-like events on the Moon is approximately two times larger than that of FD events on the Earth. We compare time profiles of GCR flux with of the dose rate of FD-like events in the lunar environment. We figure out that the distinct FD-like events correspond to dose rate events in the CRaTER on lunar environment during the event period.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.4 no.3 s.12
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

Vortex type Fluidic Device(FD) which is installed at the bottom of Safety Injection Tank(SIT) controls the discharge flow rate from the tank. In case of loss of coolant accident the injection water flows into primary system in two steps; initial high flow rate for certain period of time and subsequent low flow rate. By two-step control of the discharge flow rate, FD can ensure the effective use of water in the tank. A small-scale FD has been tested to obtain a required flow characteristics maintaining full pressure and height of prototype, which are the major contributing parameters. Through the testing of many different arrangements of internal geometry of FD, most appropriate one was selected and its performance data was obtained. As characteristics of FD, time dependent Euler number, flow rate and pressure are presented and discussed. Also a method to predict the full size FD is presented.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.563-582
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire for Functional Dyspepsia (PPQ-FD) by modifying a previously developed Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ) and to verify its reliability and validity. Further objectives were to obtain the optimal cut-off value for the PPQ-FD for standardization and for clinical use. Methods: The PPQ-FD was developed by extracting the major symptoms of the phlegm pattern in functional dyspepsia and by using the Delphi method to administer a requested importance survey to experts. The reliability, validity, and optimal cut-off value of the PPQ-FD were analyzed by enrolling a total of 60 subjects in this study. Thirty patients were diagnosed with both functional dyspepsia and phlegm pattern and thirty patients were diagnosed with only functional dyspepsia. All participants were requested to fill out the PPQ-FD. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected in the two groups for sex distribution, age, or body mass index. Five of the survey questions negatively affected its reliability; therefore, we decided to exclude those five questions on further inspection. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the revised PPQ-FD was 0.853, and clinical validity was verified. Construct validity was analyzed by factor analysis and identified four factors. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the revised PPQ-FD and other dyspepsia scales, such as the SQDQ, SSQD, VAS, NDI-K, and FD-QoL scales. The VAS had particularly strong positive correlations with the PPQ-FD. Conclusions: The PPQ-FD developed in this study has fundamental reliability and validity for use as a pattern-diagnosis questionnaire. The PPQ-FD can help to diagnose the phlegm pattern in patients with functional dyspepsia.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.297-307
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the performance of simulated abbreviated breast MRI (AB-MRI) and full diagnostic (FD)-MRI in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions detected by MRI and investigate the features of discrepant lesions of the two protocols. Materials and Methods: An AB-MRI set with single first postcontrast images was retrospectively obtained from an FD-MRI cohort of 111 lesions (34 malignant, 77 benign) detected by contralateral breast MRI in 111 women (mean age, 49.8. ± 9.8; range, 28-75 years) with recently diagnosed breast cancer. Five blinded readers independently classified the likelihood of malignancy using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System assessments. McNemar tests and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were performed. The imaging and pathologic features of the discrepant lesions of the two protocols were analyzed. Results: The sensitivity of AB-MRI for lesion characterization tended to be lower than that of FD-MRI for all readers (58.8-82.4% vs. 79.4-100%), although the findings of only two readers were significantly different (p < 0.05). The specificity of AB-MRI for lesion characterization was higher than that of FD-MRI for 80% of readers (39.0-74.0% vs. 19.5-45.5%, p ≤ 0.001). The AUC of AB-MRI was comparable to that of FD-MRI for all readers (p > 0.05). Fifteen percent (5/34) of the cancers were false-negatives on AB-MRI. More suspicious margins or internal enhancement on the delayed phase images were related to the discrepancies. Conclusion: The overall performance of AB-MRI was similar to that of FD-MRI in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. AB-MRI showed lower sensitivity and higher specificity than FD-MRI, as 15% of the cancers were misclassified compared to FD-MRI.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.351-358
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• 2017

The most common communication interface for automotive electronic control devices is CAN (Controller Area Network). Sine CAN was first adopted to Daimler vehicles in 1991, all of automobile manufacturers use the CAN communication for in-vehicle networks. However, as the number of electronic control devices connected to the CAN network rapidly increases, the CAN protocol reaches the limit of technology. To overcome this limitation, Bosch introduced the new communication protocol, that is CAN-FD (Flexible Data-rate). In this paper, we analyze the characteristics and limitations of CAN-FD communication according to the topology under the in-vehicle wiring harness environment designed based on the existing classic CAN communication.