• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2016

Tin is one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries with a high energy density. However, the commercialization of tin-based anodes is still hindered due to the large volume change (over 260%) upon lithiation/delithiation cycling. To solve the problem, many efforts have been focused on enhancing structural stability of tin particles in electrodes. In this work, we synthesize tin nano-powders with an amorphous carbon layer on the surface and surroundings of the powder by electrical wire explosion in alcohol-based liquid media at room temperature. The morphology and microstructures of the powders are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the powder for use as an anode material for lithium-ion battery are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and a galvanometric discharge-charge method. It is shown that the carbon-coated tin nano-powders prepared in hexanol media exhibit a high initial charge specific capacity of 902 mAh/g and a high capacity retention of 89% after 50 cycles.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2004

The Indium Tin Oxide(ITO) nano powders were prepared by spray drying and heat treatment process. The liquid solution dissolved Indium and Tin salts was first spray dried to prepare chemically homogeneous recursor powders at the optimum spray drying conditions. Subsequently, the precursor powders were subjected to eat treatment process. The nano size ITO powders was synthesized from the previous precursor powders and the npuities also were decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature. Furthermore, the lattice parameter of TO nano powders was increased by doping Tin into Indium with increasing heat treatment temperature. The par icle size of the resultant ITO powders was about 20∼50nm and chemical composition was composed of In:Sn =86:10 wt.％ at 80$0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.831-841
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• 2010

Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanopowders were synthesized by coprecipitation and the sol-gel method to prepare a stable dispersion of ITO nano-colloid for antistatic coating of a display panel. The colloidal dispersions were prepared by attrition process with a vibratory milling apparatus using a suitable dispersant in organic solvent. The ITO coating solution was spin-coated on a glass panel followed by the deposition of partially hydrolyzed alkyl silicate as an over-coat layer. The double-layered coating films were characterized by measuring the sheet resistance and reflectance spectrum for antistatic and antireflective properties.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1328_1329
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• 2009

Nano porous indium tin oxide (ITO) powder was synthesized employing a new route sol-gel combustion hybrid method using Ketjen Black as a fuel. The nano porous ITO powder was composed of $SnCl_4$-98.0% and $In(NO_3)_3{\cdot}XH_2O$-99.999%, produce with a $NH_4OH$ with sol-gel method as a catalyst [1,2]. Crystal structures were examined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and those results show shaper intensity peak at $25.6^{\circ}(2{\Theta})$ of $SnO_2$ by increased sintering temperature. A particle morphology as well as crystal size was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), and the size of the nano porous powder was found to be in the range of 20~30nm. ITO films could controlled by nano porous powder at various sintering temperature in this paper[3,4]. The sol-gel combustion method was offered simple and effective route for the synthesis of nano porous ITO powder[5].

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.396-402
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• 2011

In this study, by using tin chloride solution as a raw material, a nano-sized tin oxide powder with an average particle size below 50 nm is generated by a spray pyrolysis process. The properties of the generated tin oxide powder depending on the inflow speed of the raw material solution are examined. When the inflow speed of the raw material solution is 2 ml/min, the majority of generated particles appear in the shape of independent polygons with average size above 80-100 nm, while droplet-shaped particles show an average size of approximately 30 nm. When the inflow speed is increased to 5 ml/min, the ratio of independent particles decreases, and the average particle size is approximately 80-100 nm. When the inflow speed is increased to 20 ml/min, the ratio of droplet-shaped particles increases, whereas the ratio of independent particles with average size of 80-100 nm decreases. When the inflow speed is increased to 100 ml/min, the average size of the generated particles is around 30-40 nm, and most of them maintain a droplet shape. With a rise of inflow speed from 2 ml/min to 5 ml/min, a slight increase of the XRD peak intensity and a minor decrease of specific surface area are observed. When the inflow speed is increased to 20 ml/min, the XRD peak intensity falls dramatically, although a significant rise of specific surface area is observed. When the inflow speed is increased to 100 ml/min, the XRD peak intensity further decreases, while the specific surface area increases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

In this study, using a tin chloride solution as the raw material, a nano-sized tin oxide powder with an average particle size below 50 nm is generated by a spray pyrolysis process. The properties of the tin oxide powder according to the nozzle tip size are examined. Along with an increase in the nozzle tip size from 1 mm to 5 mm, the generated particles that appear in the shape of droplets maintain an average particle size of 30 nm. When the nozzle tip size increases from 1 mm to 2 mm, the average size of the generated particles is around 80-100 nm, and the ratio of the independent particles with a compact surface structure increases significantly. When the nozzle tip size is at 3 mm, the majority of the generated particles maintain the droplet shape, the average size of the droplet-shaped particles increases remarkably compared to the cases of other nozzle tip sizes, and the particle size distribution also becomes extremely irregular. When the nozzle tip size is at 5 mm, the ratio of droplet-shaped particles decreases significantly and most of the generated particles are independent ones with incompact surface structures. Along with an increase in the nozzle tip size from 1 mm to 3 mm, the XRD peak intensity increases, whereas the specific surface area decreases greatly. When the nozzle tip size increases up to 5 mm, the XRD peak intensity decreases significantly, while the specific surface area increases remarkably.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.79-88
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• 2008

This study is the previous stage for the mass production technology development of the nano-sized tin oxide powder by the recycling of the wasted tin metal, and nano-sized tin oxide powder with the average particle size below 50 nm is prepared from the tin chloride solution by the spray pyrolysis process. As the reaction temperature increases from 800 to 850, the average particle size of the generated powder increases from 20 to 30 nm. As the reaction temperature increases to 900, the droplet type is composed of the particles with the average size of the 30 nm. while the average size of the independent particles increases up to $80{\sim}100$ nm and the surface microstructure becomes more solid. Until $900^{\circ}C$, as the reaction temperature increases, the XRD peak intensity increases, while the specific surface area decreases. When the reaction temperature increases to 950, most of the powder appears with the independent type and the average particle size decrease down to 70 nm. The XRD peak intensity greatly decreases and the specific surface area increases almost twice.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.11 no.6 s.47
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• pp.467-471
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• 2004

In order to fabricate a high density sintered body of ITO, nano-sized ITO powders were synthesized by coprecipitation methods. Aqueous solutions of indium and tin salts were mixed and coprecipitated by changing their pH. Coprecipitated ITO powders possessed 20-30 nm crystallite size and a relatively high BET value ($35m^2/g$), however, aggregation of particles were occurred. Therefore, a novel recrystallization technique was applied in order to eliminate the aggregates. The recrystallized ITO material consists of a little bit larger needlelike crystals, $20nm{\times}80nm$, and it possesses a higher BET value $(57m^{2}/g)$ compared to the plain coprecipitated material $(35m^{2}/g)$. Metastable phase formation and higher content of aggregated particles were observed in the coprecipitated materials. Densification was 95% to 98% complete after 5 hour sintering at $1500^{\circ}C$ for the recrystallized powders while densities of the coprecipitated powders were below 75%.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.157-160
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• 2003

Phase contents and elemental composition of ultradispersed powders obtained by the electrical explosion of tin-leadalloy powders are investigated. It is demonstrated that during the explosion and subsequent cooling, surface layers of powder particles are enriched in lead compared to the initial alloy. The thermal stability of powders oxidizing in air is also investigated.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.24-31
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• 2018

In this study, waste ITO target is dissolved into hydrochloric acid to generate a complex indium-tin chloride solution. Nano sized ITO powder with an average particle size below 30 nm are generated from these raw material solutions by spray pyrolysis process. Also, in this study, thermodynamic equations for the formation of indium-tin oxide (ITO) are established. As the reaction temperature increased from $800^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$, the proportion and size of the spherical droplet shape in which nano sized particles aggregated gradually decreased, and the surface structure gradually became densified. When the reaction temperature was $800^{\circ}C$, the average particle size of the generated powder was about 20 nm, and no significant sintering was observed. At a reaction temperature of $900^{\circ}C$, the split of the droplet was more severe than at $800^{\circ}C$, and the rate of maintenance of the initial atomized droplet shape decreased sharply. The average particle size of the powder formed was about 25 nm. The ITO particles were composed of single solid crystals, regardless of reaction temperature. XRD analysis showed that only the ITO phase was formed. Remarkably, the specific surface area decreased by about 30% as the reaction temperature increased from $800^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$.