• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2007

Objectives : There are many causes that may affect efficacy of a drug but the time of administration for the Herbal Medicine is among the most important factors. Traditionally, administration of medicine was prohibited during the meal time along with food and the time of administration has been highly regarded in medical practitioners. The rules of administration time are stated in a book titled, "Materia Medica" but it lacked the details and index. Thus, the systemized administration rules for Herbal Medicine were prepared. Methods : The rules were drawn from both ancient teachings and the experiences from modern clinics. Ancient teachings about the administration are focused on treatment of a disease by utilizing biorhythm of the body in accordance of changes in Yin and Yang and Day and Night. Results : It means the medicine should be prepared and administered at the appropriate time of the day and this type of administration method is thought to be superior to the western method such as "once a day" or "twice a day in the morning and evening" that does not take consideration of cold, hot, warm and cool properties of the medicine. If the prescription is assigning appropriate medicine, administration time is an important method of maximizing drug efficacy. Conclusion : With the ancient teaching in mind, it was concluded that, the drug administration time must be determined with regard to properties of the drug and the condition of the patient.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.457-468
• /
• 1997

The present paper deals with an economic order quan-tity model for items deteriorating at some constant rate with demand changing at a known and at a random point of time in the fixed pro-duction cycle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.253-258
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to estimate the time of ovulation and mating derived by plasma progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations. The 11 pregnant Shih-tzu bitches were investigated the plasma progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations from proestrus to parturition. Gestation length in the 11 pregnant bitches was $61.9{\pm}1.1\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ days when Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. The litter size was $3.8{\pm}0.3$ pups. Plasma progesterone concentrations were increased at the first day of vulvar bleeding and showed at Day 0 with $5.2{\pm}0.3$ ng/ml. It was gradually increased to reach a peak at Day 15 with $42.6{\pm}3.7ng/ml$, thereafter it was gradually decreased to below Day 62. Plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations were increased above 1.0 pg/ml at the first day of vulvar bleeding and showed a peak at Day -2 with $33.5{\pm}8.0$ pg/ml, thereafter it was gradually decreased. When Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml, plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration reached a peak at Day -2. In conclusion, these results indicated that ovulation was estimated to occur the day when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml after the first day of bleeding. It was estimated that mating time was the day when plasma progesterone concentration was between $3.0{\~}8.0$ ng/ml.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 1986

To investigate the distribution of Plantago asiatica Linne, almost, restricted on the road-side, the plant growth analyzed by experimental cultivation under the condition of tread-pressure; 10 times/day (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ), 20 times/day (12.27kg/$cm^2$), 30 times/day (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ) and the control plot (1.68kg/$cm^2$ ). The matter production in the 10-time-per-diem plot (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ) of tread-pressure howed more large value than that inthe control one (1.68kg/$cm^2$ ) and those in the 20-0time-per-diem plot (12.27kg/$cm^2$ ) and the 30-time-per-diem one (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ) small values than that of the control plot. Especially, the growth of roots and spikes was extremely repressed. The number of leaves, scapes and lateral buds tend to increase in the tread-pressure of 20 times/day (12.27kg/$cm^2$ ) and 30 times/day (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ). The water contents of roots along the increase of tread-pressure to continuosly decreased. By the increase of tread-pressure, T/R ratio and C/F ratio their group decreased. The plant growth (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ) in the 10-time-per-diem plot increased more than that in the control one is regarded as the effect of tread-pressure affection on the road-side distribution of this plant.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 2009

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fasting and high-fat diet feeding on uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA levels, uncoupling the respiratory chain and producing heat, of skeletal muscle in rat. METHODS. Fasting experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into non-fasting groups (CON) and fasting groups (FG) for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of CON were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. High-fat diet experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into low-fat diet groups (LF) and high-fat diet group feeding for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of LF were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. Analysis: Analysis of UCP3 mRNA expression was used by Real-time PCR. RESULTS. UCP3 mRNA levels of FG group were increased according to time course for 2 days- fasting but decreased at 3 day-fasting. UCP3 mRNA of HF were increased during HF diet feeding for 2 day, and peaked at 1 day-HF feeding, but decreased 2 day and 3 day-HF feeding CONCLUSION. Therefore, it may be rational that UCP3 is up-regulation when a large amount of fatty acids influx occurs in skeletal muscles as well as might have a role for fine adjustments of energy expenditure.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.623-631
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrition knowledge of day-care center teachers and their guidance activities during meal time. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 302 day care center teachers from September to November, 2004. The average score of nutrition knowledge was $12.9\pm2.3$ out of possible 20 points. As the teachers older(p<0.01) and the teaching careers longer(p<0.05), the scores of the nutrition knowledge was significantly higher. Those who had dietitian license showed significantly higher scores than others(p<0.01). Guidance activities during meal time were evaluated by the 5-point Likert scale on 24 items and the average score turned out to be $4.3\pm0.4$. The score showed significant difference only according to the length of the teaching career(p<0.05). These findings suggested that nutritional guidance and nutrition education program for day care center teachers should be developed so that they can effectively manage meal service and provide good nutrition for young children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.21-35
• /
• 1994

Two hundred and sixty-six mothers with preschool and primary school children filled out TV diaries for three days around the TV turning-off campaign day initiated by YMCA. TV diaries were designed to record the TV programs watched by family members as well as the focused child's activities every 15 min. 121 families participated in the campaign voluntarily and 145 families served as the control group. The campaign group watched less than the control group even before the campaign day and differed in several family backgrounds primarily due to the difference of family members' ages in both groups. Despite participating in the campaign, 53.9％ of the families among the campaign group watched TV and 35.5％ of the children in these families watched TV on the campaign day. TV watching time measured by the questionnaire was significantly higher than the estimates by diary method. Participating children in the campaign increased in activities such as reading, indoor play, as well as video watching. In the campaign group, TV watching time on the next day of the campaign increased slightly than the day before it. Preschool and primary school children's activities as well as the watched TV programs were analyzed separately for two groups. In addition, total TV on-time and coviewing patterns by the focused child with the family members were analyzed in relation to the child's other TV watching patterns as well as their related variables.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.311-320
• /
• 1998

The volume transport and turnover time of the Deukryang Bay. located at the southern area of Korea, were calculated based on the current meter(RCM-7,ACM 16M) data observed at the three gateways of the tegrating observed data and then averaging on time. dangdo and Kogumdo. The total water volume transports through three entrances of the bay in May and October were $3.9{\times}10-2Sv, 3.4{\times}10^{-2}Sv(1Sv=10^6m^3s^{-1}$) and turnover time were 0.97day, 1.12day, respectively. Semidiurnal tides were predominant (70~85%). The water volume transports by residual currents were 2~4% of total water volume transports . The average fraction of fresh water calculated by tidal prism method using salinity difference between inflow current and outflow current through three entrances In Deukryang Bay was about 0.06% of total volume and the flushing time of fresh water was estimated as 0.97day.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.11
• /
• pp.1574-1580
• /
• 2009

To evaluate the effect of different housing systems on sow behavior, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). Behavioral observations were carried out on a total of 16 animals per treatment at the following stages: first day of allocation to housing treatment, day of service, 80 days after service, 109 days after service on entry to farrowing accommodation, 24 h before farrowing, day of farrowing, 14, 27 and 28 days after farrowing, at weaning. On each occasion, individual animals were observed for a 24 period with one minute time sampling. There were significant differences (p<0.001) between stages of the reproductive cycle for all the behavior patterns in all treatments. On the first day in experimental housing treatments, sows spent more time rooting and dog-sitting. Activity and investigatory behavior decreased as pregnancy progressed. An activity peak was apparent just before farrowing, followed by a high level of inactivity on the day of farrowing. Time spent active, eating and drinking increased as lactation progressed, and greatest activity and locomotion was seen immediately following weaning. There were significant differences between housing treatments (p<0.01) for standing, moving, eating, drinking, dog-sitting and lying. During pregnancy SC sows spent more time standing, rooting, drinking and dog sitting, while EC sows spent less time rooting and drinking and more time lying. During lactation, GC sows spent more time standing, moving and eating, less time dog sitting and lateral lying. Nursing frequency was reduced in GC sows (p<0.001). The maternal and piglet behaviors were influenced strongly by environment during lactation. However, it was also shown that previous housing history can influence the maternal behavior in the pre-farrowing stage and during early lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.267-270
• /
• 1996

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of a dark (06:00-12:00), light (12:00-18:00), dark (18:00-24:00), and light (00:00-06:00) cycle on the ruminating behavior of five fasting female goats. Rumination time and number of boli were not different in the dark and light periods of the fed state or in the second and third days of fasting. Ruminating time and number of boli increased in the dark (06:00-12:00) period compared to the light (12:00-18:00) period during the first day of fasting. Ruminating time was higher after the first day of fasting than the fed state, and decreased substantially after the first day of fasting than the fed state, and decreased substantially after the second and third days of fasting compared to the fed state or the first day of fasting. Number of boli/day was not different among the fed state, the second and third days of fasting but was higher after the first day fasting compared to the fed state.