• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.111-124
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• 2000

본 연구에서 다루고자 하는 문제는 서비스시간 제약을 갖는 도시부 복합교통망에서의 기종점을 잇는 합리적인 최단경로를 탐색하고자 하는 것이다. 서비스시간 제약은 도시부 복합교통망에서의 현실성을 보다 더 사실적으로 표현하지만 기존의 알고리즘들은 이를 고려하지 않고 있다. 서비스시간 제약은 환승역에서 여행자가 환승차량을 이용해서 다른 지점으로 여행할 수 있는 출발시간이 미리 계획된 차량운행시간들에 의해 제한되어지는 것이다. 환승역에 도착한 여행자는 환승차량의 정해진 운행시간에서만 환승차량을 이용해서 다른 지점으로 여행할 수 있다. 따라서 서비스시간 제약이 고려되어지는 경우 총소요시간에는 여행시간과 환승대기시간이 포함되어지고, 환승대기시간은 여행자가 환승역에 도착한 시간과 환승차량의 출발이 허용되어지는 시간에 의존해서 변한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 링크기반의 최단경로탐색 알고리즘을 개발하였다. Dijkstra 알고리즘과 같은 전통적인 탐색법에서는 각 노드까지의 최단도착시간을 계산하여 각 노드에 표지로 설정하지만 제안된 알고리즘에서는 각 링크가지의 최단도착시간과 각 링크에서의 가장 빠른 출발시간을 계산하여 각 링크의 표지로 설정한다. 제안된 알고리즘의 자세한 탐색과정이 간단한 복합교통망에 대하여 예시되어진다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2002

The Job Shop Scheduling Problem(JSSP) is concerned with schedule of m different machines and n jobs where each job consists of a chain of operations, each of which needs to be processed during an uninterrupted time period of a given length on a given machine. The purpose of this paper is to develop the efficient heuristic method for solving the minimum makespan problem of the large scale job shop scheduling. The proposed heuristic method is based on a Tabu Search(TS) and on a Constraint Satisfaction Technique(CST). In this paper, ILOG libraries is used to embody the job shop model, and a CST is developed for this model to generate the increased solution. Then, TS is employed to overcome the increased search time of CST on the increased problem size md to refine the next-current solution. Also, this paper presents the new way of finding neighbourhood solution using TS. On applying TS, a new way of finding neighbourhood solution is presented. Computational experiments on well known sets of MT and LA problem instances show that, in several cases, our approach yields better results than the other heuristic procedures discussed In literature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.166-169
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• 1997

For parallel processing, the compiler partitions a loaded program into a set of tasks and makes a schedule for the tasks that will minimize parallel processing time for the loaded program. Building an optimal schedule for a given set of partitioned tasks of a program has known to be NP-complete. In this paper we introduce a GA(Genetic Algorithm)-based scheduling method in which a chromosome consists of two parts of a string which decide the number and order of tasks on each processor. An additional computation is used for feasibility constraint in the chromosome. By granularity theory, a partitioned program is categorized into coarse-grain or fine-grain types. There exist good heuristic algorithms for coarse-grain type partitioning. We suggested another GA adaptive to the coarse-grain type partitioning. The infeasibility of chromosome is overcome by the encoding and operators. The number of processors are decided while the GA find the minimum parallel processing time.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1213-1216
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• 2005

In this paper, we suggested the integer linear programming (ILP) models that went through constraint scheduling to simple cycle operation during the delay time. The delayed scheduling can determine a schedule with a near-optimal number of control steps for given fixed hardware constraints. In this paper, the resource-constrained problem is addressed, for the DFG optimization for multiprocessor design problem, formulating ILP solution available to provide optimal solution. The results show that the scheduling method is able to find good quality schedules in reasonable time.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1264-1274
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 분산된 클록들을 주기적으로 동기화 시키는 분산 실시간 시스템에서 시간적 제약을 만족시키기 위한 정적/동적 시간 제약(timing constraint) 변환 기법을 제안한다. 전형적인 이산클록동기화(discrete clock synchronization) 알고리즘은 클록의 값을 순간적으로 조정하여 클록의 시간이 불연속적으로 진행한다. 이러한 시간상의 불연속성은 시간적 이벤트를 잃어버리거나 다시 발생시키는 오류를 범하게 한다.클록 시간의 불연속성을 피하기 위해 일반적으로 연속클록동기화(continuous clock synchronization) 기법이 제안되고 있지만 소프트웨어적으로 구현되면 많은 오버헤드를 유발시키는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 시간적 제약을 동적으로 변환시키는 DCT (Dynamic Constraint Transformation) 기법을 제안하였으며, 이를 통해 기존의 이산클록동기화 알고리즘을 수정하지 않고서도 클록 시간의 불연속성에 의한 문제점들을 해결할 수 있도록 하였다. 아울러 DCT에 의해 이산클록동기화 하에서 생성된 태스크 스케쥴이 연속클록동기화에 의해 생성된 스케쥴과 동일함을 증명하여 DCT의 동작이 이론적으로 정확함을 증명하였다.또한 분산 실시간 시스템에서 지역 클록(local clock)이 기준 클록과 완벽하게 일치하지 않아서 발생하는 스케쥴링상의 문제점을 다루었다. 이를 위해 먼저 두 가지의 스케쥴링 가능성, 지역적 스케쥴링 가능성(local schedulability)과 전역적 스케쥴링 가능성(global schedulability)을 정의하고, 이를 위해 시간적 제약을 정적으로 변환시키는 SCT (Static Constraint Transformation) 기법을 제안하였다. SCT를 통해 지역적으로 스케쥴링 가능한 태스크는 전역적으로 스케쥴링이 가능하므로, 단지 지역적 스케쥴링 가능성만을 검사하면 스케쥴링 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 하였고 이를 수학적으로 증명하였다.Abstract In this paper, we present static and dynamic constraint transformation techniques for ensuring timing requirements in a distributed real-time system possessing periodically synchronized distributed local clocks. Traditional discrete clock synchronization algorithms that adjust local clocks instantaneously yield time discontinuities. Such time discontinuities lead to the loss or the gain of events, thus raising serious run-time faults.While continuous clock synchronization is generally suggested to avoid the time discontinuity problem, it incurs too much run-time overhead to be implemented in software. We propose a dynamic constraint transformation (DCT) technique which can solve the problem without modifying discrete clock synchronization algorithms. We formally prove the correctness of the DCT by showing that the DCT with discrete clock synchronization generates the same task schedule as the continuous clock synchronization.We also investigate schedulability problems that arise when imperfect local clocks are used in distributed real-time systems. We first define two notions of schedulability, global schedulability and local schedulability, and then present a static constraint transformation (SCT) technique. The SCT ensures that it is sufficient to check the schedulability of a task locally in a node with a local clock, since the global schedulability of the task is derived from its local schedulability through SCT. We formally prove the correctness of SCT.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.40-48
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• 2009

In this article, scheduling of a casting sequence is studied in a casting foundry which must deliver products according to the Just-in-time(JIT) production policy of a customer. When a foundry manufactures a variety of casts with an identical alloy simultaneously, it frequently faces the task of production scheduling. An optimal casting schedule should be emphasized in order to maximize the production rate and raw material efficiency under the constraints of limited resources; melting furnaces and operation time for a casting machine. To solve this practical problem-fulfilling the objectives of casting the assigned mixed orders for the highest raw material efficiency in a way specified by the customer's JIT schedule, we implement simple integer programming. A simulation to solve a real production problem in a typical casting plant proves that the proposed method provides a feasible solution with a high accuracy for a complex, multi-variable and multi-constraint optimization problem. Employing this simple methodology, a casting foundry having an automated casting machine can produce a mixed order of casts with a maximum furnace utilization within the due date, and provide them according to their customer's JIT inventory policy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.140-146
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• 2005

This study presents the new dispatching rules of job shop scheduling with auxiliary resource constraint to improve the schedule performance measures related to completion time and due dates. The proposed dispatching rules consider the information of total work remaining and machine utilization to decrease mean flowtime and mean tardiness. The results of computer experiments show that those schedule performances are significantly improved by using the new dispatching rules. The results provide guidance for the researchers and practitioners of auxiliary resource constrained job shop scheduling to decrease mean flowtime and mean tardiness.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The berth and crane scheduling problem in a container terminal encompasses the whole process of assigning berth to each ship, determining the duration of berthing, assigning container cranes to each ship, and determining the specific start and end time of each crane service, for all the ships scheduled to be arriving at the terminal during a certain scheduling horizon. This problem is basically a constraint satisfaction problem in which cranes and berths should be assigned in such a way that all the spatial and temporal constraints are satisfied without any interference. However, it is also an optimization problem because the requested arrival and departure time should be met for as many of the scheduled ships as possible, while the operation cost of the terminal should be minimized. In this paper, we present an effective and efficient approach to solving this type of problem, which combines constrain satisfaction search and heuristic repair. We first employ a constraint satisfaction search to find a feasib1e solution. Then, the feasible solution is modified to a more optimal one by iteratively applying our heuristic repair operations within the framework of constraint satisfaction search. Experimental results with a real data from Pusan East Container Terminal showed that our approach can derive a schedule of satisfactory quality in a very short time.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.309-320
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• 2006

The imprecise real-time system provides flexibility in scheduling time-critical tasks. Most scheduling problems of satisfying both 0/1 constraint and timing constraints, while the total error is minimized, are NP-complete when the optional tasks have arbitrary processing times. Liu suggested a reasonable strategy of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraint on uniprocessors for minimizing the total error. Song et al suggested a reasonable strategy of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraint on multiprocessors for minimizing the total error. But, these algorithms are all off-line algorithms. In the online scheduling, NORA algorithm can find a schedule with the minimum total error for the imprecise online task system. In the NORA algorithm, the EDF strategy is adopted in the optional scheduling.<중략> The algorithm, proposed in this paper, can be applied to some applications efficiently such as radar tracking, image processing, missile control and so on.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.161-164
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• 2000

A cyclic shop is a production system that repeatedly produces identical sets of jobs, called minimal part sets, in the same loading and processing sequence. We consider a version of cyclic shop where the operations are processed and unloaded within time limits, so called a time window. We model the shop using an event graph model, a class of Petri nets. To represent the time window constraint, we introduce places with negative time delays. From the shop modeling graph, we develop a linear system model based on the max- plus algebra and characterize the conditions on the existence of a stable schedule.