• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제54권3호
• /
• pp.4-23
• /
• 2021

본고는 시대를 관통하는 기형의 보편성을 가진 족집게의 쓰임과 사용 문화를 알아보고, 족집게의 유형을 살펴보고자 하였다. II장에서는 족집게에 관한 용어를 정리하고, 족집게의 쓰임을 당대의 사회문화, 정치와 관련하여 두 가지 경우로 보았다. 첫 번째는 미용 및 자기관리의 목적으로 족집게를 사용한 경우이다. 눈썹과 코털을 정리하는 미용 용도로 사용하였고, 남성들이 사회적 지위와 권력을 유지하고자 흰털을 뽑는 용도로 사용되었다. 두 번째는 응급 처지 의료보조기구로 족집게를 사용한 경우이다. III장에서는 고려, 조선시대 족집게를 유형별로 분류하였다. 족집게는 크게 기본형과 복합형으로 구분된다. 기본형은 삼국시대부터 현재까지 이어져온 형태로 손잡이와 집게로 이루어져 있다. 집게를 고정하는 고리가 달린 족집게 형태가 나타나기도 한다. 복합형은 일체형과 분리형으로 나뉜다. 일체형은 양쪽에 달린 도구에 기반을 둔 분류이며, 귀이개 일체형과 손칼 일체형이 있다. 반면 분리형은 리벳 분리형과 고리 분리형으로 나뉜다. 특히 주목할 점은 복합형 중 일체형은 고려시대에만 나타나는 기형으로 당대 사용자들의 기호를 엿볼 수 있다. 제작 기법은 단조로 얇은 금속판을 만든 후에 족집게의 형태를 만든다. 장식 기법은 은과 동 같은 무른 금속 재질의 족집게에 선각, 점조, 압각(인각) 등으로 문양을 새겼고, 장식성이 두드러지는 족집게는 왕실이나 귀족들이 사용했을 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 시대에 상관없이 대부분의 족집게는 강도가 높은 청동이나 철로 제작되었다. 때문에 다수의 족집게는 단순한 X자 문양이 시문되거나 무문이 주를 이루고 있다. 족집게의 형태들이 다양하게 나타날 수 있던 이유는 시대를 막론하고 족집게 문화가 널리 퍼져 있었기 때문이다. 기본형 족집게는 삼국시대부터 현재까지 이어져오고 있으며 실용성에 기반을 둔 전형적인 일상도구이다. 그동안 금속공예는 왕실공예 또는 불교공예에 한정되어 연구되어왔다. 족집게와 같은 일상용구에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어져 당대의 사회문화를 여러 방면으로 살펴볼 수 있는 계기가 되기를 바란다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.177-192
• /
• 2021

경제협력개발기구 개발원조위원회에서는 국제적으로 통용되는 공적개발원조위원회 5대 평가기준 개편에 대하여 논의하고 1991년 공적개발원조 평가 시 적절성·효율성·효과성·영향력·지속가능성 등 5대 평가 기준의 적용을 권고한 바 있다. 본 연구는 2019년부터 네팔에서 시행 중인 포용적 비즈니스 프로그램의 평가에 있어 경제협력개발기구 개발원조위원회 평가기준을 적용하여 분석하고 개선과제를 도출하는데 있다. 연구 방법은 네팔 현장조사와 포커스 그룹 미팅 방법을 적용하였다. 연구 결과 네팔 포용적 비즈니스 프로그램의 적절성은 장애인, 고아 여성 등 취약계층 대상 지속적인 고용과 일자리 창출에 부합되었고 특히, 한국의 시각적 특수효과에 대한 수요가 증가하는 시점인데다 네팔 취약계층 대상 컴퓨터 그래픽 전문교육을 통한 인력양성이라는 점에서 프로그램이 적정하다고 볼 수 있다. 효율성은 작업지시와 작업컨펌 등의 과정이 전자식 관리 툴로 이루어지고 결과물의 납품이 온라인으로 전송되어 타업종에 비해 시간과 비용이 절감된다는 점에서 효율적이라고 할 수 있다. 효과성은 본 사업이 네팔의 장애인, 고아 여성 등 취약계층 대상 컴퓨터 그래픽 전문교육을 실시하고 수료생을 직원으로 채용하는 등 양질의 일자리를 제공한 점에서 효과성이 있는 프로그램이라고 할 수 있다. 지속가능성은 코이카 포용적 비즈니스 프로그램이 기존 농업, 제조업의 분야에서 종사하는 취약계층들로 하여금 컴퓨터 그래픽 업종에 종사하게 한 점과 영화, 캐릭터, 교육사업의 확장성, 타국가의 롤모델이 될 수 있는 점에서 지속가능성이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 향후 공적개발원조의 규모가 증가할 것을 고려한다면 체계적인 모니터링 시스템과 환류체계의 구축 등 공여국과 수원국 양국간 사업의 지속방안 마련이 요구된다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.71-84
• /
• 2013

컴퓨터 시스템 운용 간에 발생하는 많은 정보들이 기록되는 로그데이터는 컴퓨터 시스템 운용 점검, 프로세스의 최적화, 사용자 최적화 맞춤형 제공 등 다방면으로 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 종류의 로그데이터들 중에서 은행에서 발생하는 대용량의 로그데이터를 처리하기 위한 클라우드 환경 하에서의 MongoDB 기반 비정형 로그 처리시스템을 제안한다. 은행업무간 발생하는 대부분의 로그데이터는 고객의 업무처리 프로세스 간에 발생하며, 고객 업무 프로세스 처리에 따른 로그데이터를 수집, 저장, 분류, 분석하기 위해서는 별도로 로그데이터를 처리하는 시스템을 구축해야만 한다. 하지만 기존 컴퓨팅환경 하에서는 폭발적으로 증가하는 대용량 비정형 로그데이터 처리를 위한 유연한 스토리지 확장성 기능, 저장된 비정형 로그데이터를 분류, 분석 처리할 수 있는 기능을 구현하기가 매우 어렵다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 클라우드 컴퓨팅 기술을 도입하여 기존 컴퓨팅 인프라 환경의 분석 도구 및 관리체계에서 처리하기 어려웠던 비정형 로그데이터를 처리하기 위한 클라우드 환경기반의 로그데이터 처리시스템을 제안하고 구현하였다. 제안한 본 시스템은 IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service) 클라우드 환경을 도입하여 컴퓨팅 자원의 유연한 확장성을 제공하며 실제로, 로그데이터가 장기간 축적되거나 급격하게 증가하는 상황에서 스토리지, 메모리 등의 자원을 신속성 있고 유연하게 확장을 할 수 있는 기능을 포함한다. 또한, 축적된 비정형 로그데이터의 실시간 분석이 요구되어질 때 기존의 분석도구의 처리한계를 극복하기 위해 본 시스템은 하둡 (Hadoop) 기반의 분석모듈을 도입함으로써 대용량의 로그데이터를 빠르고 신뢰성 있게 병렬 분산 처리할 수 있는 기능을 제공한다. 게다가, HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System)을 도입함으로써 축적된 로그데이터를 블록단위로 복제본을 생성하여 저장관리하기 때문에 본 시스템은 시스템 장애와 같은 상황에서 시스템이 멈추지 않고 작동할 수 있는 자동복구 기능을 제공한다. 마지막으로, 본 시스템은 NoSQL 기반의 MongoDB를 이용하여 분산 데이터베이스를 구축함으로써 효율적으로 비정형로그데이터를 처리하는 기능을 제공한다. MySQL과 같은 관계형 데이터베이스는 복잡한 스키마 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 비정형 로그데이터를 처리하기에 적합하지 않은 구조를 가지고 있다. 또한, 관계형 데이터베이스의 엄격한 스키마 구조는 장기간 데이터가 축적되거나, 데이터가 급격하게 증가할 때 저장된 데이터를 분할하여 여러 노드에 분산시키는 노드 확장이 어렵다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. NoSQL은 관계형 데이터베이스에서 제공하는 복잡한 연산을 지원하지는 않지만 데이터가 빠르게 증가할 때 노드 분산을 통한 데이터베이스 확장이 매우 용이하며 비정형 데이터를 처리하는데 매우 적합한 구조를 가지고 있는 비관계형 데이터베이스이다. NoSQL의 데이터 모델은 주로 키-값(Key-Value), 컬럼지향(Column-oriented), 문서지향(Document-Oriented)형태로 구분되며, 제안한 시스템은 스키마 구조가 자유로운 문서지향(Document-Oriented) 데이터 모델의 대표 격인 MongoDB를 도입하였다. 본 시스템에 MongoDB를 도입한 이유는 유연한 스키마 구조에 따른 비정형 로그데이터 처리의 용이성뿐만 아니라, 급격한 데이터 증가에 따른 유연한 노드 확장, 스토리지 확장을 자동적으로 수행하는 오토샤딩 (AutoSharding) 기능을 제공하기 때문이다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 시스템은 크게 로그 수집기 모듈, 로그 그래프생성 모듈, MongoDB 모듈, Hadoop기반 분석 모듈, MySQL 모듈로 구성되어져 있다. 로그 수집기 모듈은 각 은행에서 고객의 업무 프로세스 시작부터 종료 시점까지 발생하는 로그데이터가 클라우드 서버로 전송될 때 로그데이터 종류에 따라 데이터를 수집하고 분류하여 MongoDB 모듈과 MySQL 모듈로 분배하는 기능을 수행한다. 로그 그래프생성 모듈은 수집된 로그데이터를 분석시점, 분석종류에 따라 MongoDB 모듈, Hadoop기반 분석 모듈, MySQL 모듈에 의해서 분석되어진 결과를 사용자에게 웹 인터페이스 형태로 제공하는 역할을 한다. 실시간적 로그데이터분석이 필요한 로그데이터는 MySQL 모듈로 저장이 되어 로그 그래프생성 모듈을 통하여 실시간 로그데이터 정보를 제공한다. 실시간 분석이 아닌 단위시간당 누적된 로그데이터의 경우 MongoDB 모듈에 저장이 되고, 다양한 분석사항에 따라 사용자에게 그래프화해서 제공된다. MongoDB 모듈에 누적된 로그데이터는 Hadoop기반 분석모듈을 통해서 병렬 분산 처리 작업이 수행된다. 성능 평가를 위하여 로그데이터 삽입, 쿼리 성능에 대해서 MySQL만을 적용한 로그데이터 처리시스템과 제안한 시스템을 비교 평가하였으며 그 성능의 우수성을 검증하였다. 또한, MongoDB의 청크 크기별 로그데이터 삽입 성능평가를 통해 최적화된 청크 크기를 확인하였다.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.45-67
• /
• 2017

"2016 인터넷이용실태조사"에 따르면 인터넷 이용자수 및 이용률은 점점 증가하고 있으며 접속방법에 있어서는 컴퓨터보다 스마트폰을 통한 접속이 많아지고 있다. 스마트기기의 증가에 따라 초고속인터넷의 수요가 감소할 것이라는 전망도 있다. 하지만, 스마트기기의 증가에도 불구하고 기가인터넷을 통한 속도 향상과 IoT 시장의 성장으로 인해 초고속인터넷 시장은 당분간 유지될 것으로 전망된다. 시장의 포화로 인해 통신사업자들이 신규고객 확보를 위해 과도한 경쟁을 하고 있지만, 고객이탈의 원인을 알 수 있다면 보다 효과적인 마케팅을 통해 과도한 마케팅비용을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 통신사업자 A사가 보유하고 있는 안양시, 군포시, 의왕시 3개 도시의 결합유형별 해지 데이터와, 통계청으로부터 구한 지역별 데이터를 결합하여, 지역별 해지율과 이에 영향을 미치는 지역특성간의 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 특히 인접지역에 따라 결합유형별 해지율의 분포에 차이가 있을 것으로 보고, 클러스터링을 이용하여 해지유형이 유사한 지역을 도출 및 분석하고자 하였다. 공간검색통계도구인 SatScan은 기존의 클러스터링 방법에 공간정보를 추가하여 인접지역을 중심으로 군집이 형성되도록 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SatScan을 이용해 지역의 공간정보를 기반으로 유사지역을 군집화하고, 군집별 해지율과 지역별 데이터와의 연관성을 분석하였다. 분석 단계에서는 먼저 공간정보와 해지데이터를 결합하여 도출된 군집들의 특성을 정리하였으며, 다음으로 군집분석 결과를 바탕으로 하여 각 동의 초고속 인터넷 해지율과 지역별 데이터와의 연관성을 분산분석, 상관분석, 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그리고, 분석결과를 기반으로 하여 지역에 따른 적절한 마케팅 방안을 제안하였다.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.19-42
• /
• 2012

고객이 상품을 구매하는 패턴이 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 오프라인에서 고객이 직접 상품을 보고, 체험한 후 구매하던 패턴이 TV홈쇼핑, 인터넷 쇼핑 등 고객이 편리한 장소에서 자유롭게 구매하는 방법으로 확산되었다. 이처럼 구매 가능한 상품의 범위는 점점 더 다양해지고 있지만 이로 인하여 고객이 상품을 구매할 때 생기는 번거로움은 더욱 커지고 있다. 오프라인에서는 물건을 직접보고 구매하기 때문에 반품율이 낮은 반면에 온라인 구매 물품은 배송과 환불 등에서 복잡한 일들이 많이 발생한다. 온라인을 통해서 물건을 구매할 때 상품에 대한 사전 정보는 매우 한정적이며 실제로 물건을 구매했을 경우 고객이 생각했던 것과 다를 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 결국 고객의 불만족 및 구매취소로 이어진다. 또한 TV홈쇼핑이나 인터넷 쇼핑 등을 통해서 물건을 구매할 때 고객들은 이미 상품을 구매한 고객의 리뷰에도 관심을 기울이고 있다. 좋은 평가를 받은 상품은 더 많은 매출로 이어질 수 있기 때문에 기업은 이에 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다. 고객의 욕구를 만족시킬 수 있는 적절한 상품을 추천해 주고 이를 구매로 연결시키는 것은 기업의 이윤 창출과 직결되기 때문에 그 중요성이 강조된다. 고객을 위한 추천방법은 베스트셀러기반 추천방법, 인구통계 정보기반 추천방법, 최소질의대상 상품결정방법, 내용필터링기법, 협력필터링기법 등이 존재하며, 이에 대한 많은 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 위의 방법들을 신규고객에게 적용하는 것에는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 신규고객은 상품에 대한 과거 구매이력이 존재하지 않기 때문이다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 가입 시, 고객의 인구통계적 정보나 선호도에 대한 응답을 유도하는 방법을 활용할 수 있다. 그러나 고객이 이에 대한 번거로움을 느낄 수도 있으며, 불완전한 답변을 하게 되면 추천의 정확도는 감소한다. 최근 이미 상품을 구매한 고객의 리뷰 및 기업에서 추천하는 제품에 의존하는 고객들이 증가하면서 이를 악용하는 사례도 자주 등장한다. 결국 추천에 대한 고객들의 신뢰는 감소하게 될 것이다. 따라서 좀 더 명확한 방식의 추천시스템이 절실하며, 이것이 개선된다면 는 곧 고객들의 신뢰 증가로 이어질 것이다. 본 연구에서는 협력필터링기법과 사회연결망기법의 중심성을 결합한 분석을 시도하였다. 중심성은 신규고객의 선호도를 기존고객들의 데이터를 통하여 유추하기 위하여 활용되는 정보이다. 기존 연구들에서는 기존고객들의 구매 가운데 구매성향이 유사한 고객들의 정보에 초점을 맞추고 있으며 구매성향이 다른 고객들의 정보에 대한 분석은 이루어지고 있지 않다. 그러나 이처럼 구매성향이 서로 다른 고객들의 정보를 활용한다면 추천의 정확성이 더 향상되지 않을까 하는 점을 기반으로 데이터들을 다양한 방식으로 분석하였다. 연구에 사용된 데이터는 미네소타대학의 GroupLens Research Project팀이 협력필터링기법을 통하여 영화를 추천하기 위해 만든 MovieLens의 데이터이다. 이는 1,684편의 영화에 대한 선호도를 943명이 응답한 정보로 총 100,000개의 데이터가 있다. 이를 시간 순으로 구분하여 초기 50,000개의 데이터를 기존고객의 데이터로, 후기 50,000개의 데이터를 신규고객의 데이터로 사용하였다. 이 때, 신규고객과 기존고객은 연구자가 임의로 구분한 것이다. 따라서 신규고객이라고 표현되는 고객의 데이터는 실제로 추천시스템을 통해 정보를 제공받은 고객이라고는 볼 수 없다. 그러나 현실적으로 실제 신규고객의 데이터를 수집하는 것이 쉽지 않기 때문에 전체 고객의 정보를 시간 순으로 구분하고 신규고객으로 분류한 것임을 밝혀둔다. 제시된 추천시스템은 [+]집단 추천시스템, [-]집단 추천시스템, 통합 추천시스템으로 총 3가지이다. [+]집단 추천시스템은 기존의 연구들과 유사한 방식으로 유사도가 높은 고객들을 신규고객의 이웃고객으로 분석하였다. 유사도가 높다는 것은 다른 고객들과 상품 구매에 대한 성향이 유사한 것을 의미한다. 또한 [-]집단 추천시스템은 유사도가 낮고 다른 고객들과 상품의 구매패턴이 반대에 가까운 고객들의 데이터를 활용하였으며, 통합 추천시스템은 [+]집단 추천시스템과 [-]집단 추천시스템을 결합한 방식이다. [+]집단 추천시스템과 [-]집단 추천시스템에서 각각 추천된 영화 가운데 중복되는 영화만을 신규고객에게 추천하는 방식이다. 다양한 방법의 시도를 통하여 적절한 추천시스템을 찾고, 추천시스템의 정확도를 향상시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 활용된 데이터의 분석 결과는 통합 추천시스템이 정확도가 가장 높았으며 [-]집단 추천시스템, [+]집단 추천시스템의 순인 것으로 나타났다. 이는 통합 추천시스템이 가장 효율적일 것이라는 연구자의 추측과 일치하는 결과이다. 각각의 추천시스템은 정확도의 변화를 쉽게 비교할 수 있도록 등고선지도 및 그래프를 이용하여 나타냈다. 연구의 한계점으로는 연구자가 제시한 통합 추천시스템과 [-]집단 추천시스템에 대한 정확도는 향상되었지만 이는 임의로 구분한 기준을 바탕으로 분석하였다는 점이다. 실제 추천된 영화를 바탕으로 신규고객이 영화를 선택 한 것이 아니라 기존고객의 데이터를 임의로 분류하였기 때문이다. 따라서 이는 추천 영화가 실제 고객에 미친 영향이 아니라는 한계가 존재한다. 또한 영화가 아닌 다른 상품에 대해서 이 추천시스템을 적용하였을 경우 추천 정확도에는 차이가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 추천시스템을 적용할 때에는 각 상품 및 고객집단의 특성에 적합한 적용이 필요하다.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.73-85
• /
• 2013

정보기술의 비약적 발전에 힘입어, 오늘날 기업들은 지금까지 축적한 고객 데이터를 기반으로 맞춤형 서비스를 제공하는 것에 많은 관심을 가지고 있다. 고객에게 소구하는 맞춤형 서비스를 효과적으로 제공하기 위해서는 우선 그 고객이 처한 상태나 상황을 정확하게 인지하는 것이 중요하다. 특히, 고객에게 서비스가 전달되는 이른바 진실의 순간에 해당 고객의 감정 상태를 정확히 인지할 수 있다면, 기업은 더 양질의 맞춤형 서비스를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 이와 관련하여 사람의 얼굴과 행동을 이용하여 사람의 감정을 판단하고 개인화 서비스를 제공하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 얼굴 표정을 통해 사람의 감정을 판단하는 연구는 좀 더 미세하고 확실한 변화를 통해 정확하게 감정을 판단할 수 있지만, 장비와 환경의 제약으로 실제 환경에서 다수의 관객을 대상으로 사용하기에는 다소 어려움이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Plutchik의 감정 분류 체계를 기반으로 사람들의 행동을 통해 감정을 추론해내는 모형을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 연구는 콘텐츠에 의해 유발된 사람들의 감정적인 변화를 사람들의 행동 변화를 통해 판단하고 예측하는 모형을 개발하고, 4가지 감정 별 행동 특징을 추출하여 각 감정에 따라 최적화된 예측 모형을 구축하는 것을 목표로 한다. 모형 구축을 위해 사람들에게 적절한 감정 자극영상을 제공하고 그 신체 반응을 수집하였으며, 사람들의 신체 영역을 나누었다. 특히, 모션캡쳐 분야에서 널리 쓰이는 차영상 기법을 적용하여 사람들의 제스쳐를 추출 및 보정하였다. 이후 전처리 과정을 통해 데이터의 타임프레임 셋을 20, 30, 40 프레임의 3가지로 설정하고, 데이터를 학습용, 테스트용, 검증용으로 구분하여 인공신경망 모형을 통해 학습시키고 성과를 평가하였다. 다수의 일반인들을 대상으로 수집된 데이터를 이용하여 제안 모형을 구축하고 평가한 결과, 프레임셋에 따라 예측 성과가 변화함을 알 수 있었다. 감정 별 최적 예측 성과를 보이는 프레임을 확인할 수 있었는데, 이는 감정에 따라 감정의 표출 시간이 다르기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이는 행동에 기반한 제안된 감정예측모형이 감정에 따라 효과적으로 감정을 예측할 수 있으며, 실제 서비스 환경에서 사용할 수 있는 효과적인 알고리즘이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.70-79
• /
• 1992

조선왕조초기(朝鮮王朝初期)부터 농업초기정책(農業初期政策)은 지역농업(地域農業)의 현실적(現實的) 조건(條件)과 결부(結付)된 농사직설(農事直說)과 같은 농서(農書) 발간(發刊)에 의해 부여(附與)되었다. 그 책(冊)들은 새롭고, 집약적(集約的)인 농업기술(農業技術)을 제공(提供)하였다. 이 농서(農書)는 그 당시(當時)에 농촌지역(農村地域)에서 경험(經驗)된 우수한 농업기술(農業技術)을 수집(蒐集)하여 만든 것이다. 농사직설(農事直說)에 따르면 벼 재배(栽培)는 무삶이(담수직파법(湛水直播法)), 건삶이(건답직파법(乾畓直播法)), 이앙법(移秧法) 그리고 산도법(山稻法)(육도법(陸稻法))으로 분화(分化)되었다. 이들 농법(農法)에 구비된 고도기술적특성(高度技術的特性)은 과학적제초기술(科學的除草技術)과 적극적인 시비법(施肥法), 축력(畜力)과 인력용(人力用)의 농기(農機)로 일관되게 체계화(體系化)시킨 농작업방법(農作業方法)에 근거(根據)를 두고 있다는 점이다. 해안(海岸)의 습지(濕地)와 황지(荒地)의 개간(開墾)은 화경(火耕)와 윤목(輪木)이라 칭하는 제초장비(除草裝備)로 인하여 가능케 되었다. 또한 벼의 묘령단계(苗令段階)에서 토양(土壤)의 간인(間引), 토기작업(土寄作業)과 동시에 섬세한 제초작업(除草作業)을 할 수 있도록 분화(分化), 발달(發達)된 호미가 있었다. 직파(直播)벼재배(栽培)는 저류지(貯溜地)와 소택(沼澤)을 만들어 평야수전(平野水田)의 직파재배(直播栽培)를 가능케 하였으며, 곡간지답(谷間地畓)은 보(洑)를 만들어 개간했다. 이들은 관수(灌水)에 의해 제초를 쉽게 하는 동시에 관수중(灌水中) 무기영양(無機營養)을 통(通)한 토양비옥도(土壞肥沃度) 유지 및 벼의 생리적(生理的) 호조건(好條件)을 부여하여 논의 생산성(生産性)을 증대시킬 수 있었다. 또한 이앙(移秧)을 하면 더욱 성력재배(省力栽培)가 가능하였을 것이지만 전국적인 물의 사용제약성(使用制約性)때문에 이앙법(移秧法)을 원칙적으로 금해 오지 않을 수 없었다. 건전재배(乾田栽培)에서 직파재배(直播栽培)가 수립되었으며, 수도(水稻)가 직파(直播)되고 유묘기까지 건토(乾土)에 재배(栽培)되었으며 농사직설(農事直說)에서처럼 비올때 관수토양(灌水土壤)에 재배(栽培)되었다. 조선중기(朝鮮中期)(AD 1495-1725)에는 벼 농사(農事)에서의 제초효율(除草效率)과 편리성(便利性) 때문에 정조식(正條式) 이앙법(移秧法)을 포함한 탁월한 성력농법(省力農法)(한정록(閑情錄))과 벼 이앙에 근거(根據)(농사직설(農事直說))하여 못자리(묘대) 기술(벼의 조기이앙(早期移秧)이 강조(强調)되었다. 비료분(肥料分)을 다량투입(多量投入)하고 우력(牛力)을 이용(利用)하여 심경(深耕)해야 한다는 일련(一連)의 기술(技術)들은 토지(土地)와 노동생산성(勞動生産性)을 향상 시키는 것이었다. 농가집성(農家集成)때보다 산림경제(山林經濟)때에 발전된 사항은 오늘날의 육묘대법(陸苗垈法)과 마찬가지인 건앙법(乾秧法)을 개발하여 이앙재배(移秧栽培)하게 만든 것이며, 답이모작(畓二毛作)을 확립(確立)시켜서 답작(畓作)의 노동(勞動) 및 토지생산성(土地生産性)을 높이게 된 것이다. 이결과 소경영생산양식(小經營生産樣式)을 경영형(經營型) 부농적(富農的) 생산양식(生産樣式)으로 변화시켜 광작농법사회(廣作農法社會)를 태동(胎動)시켰다. 우하영(禹夏永)(1741-1812) 은 천일록(千一錄)을 통하여 당시의 광작농(廣作農)이 갖는 폐단을 집약적(集約的) 농법(農法)으로 개혁하고자 하였고, 그가운데 탁월한 견해로서 농지(農地)를 토질(土質)에 따라 이앙법(移秧法)과 grooving 파종법(播種法)(전(田))으로 땅(토지(土地))의 이용을 구분한 것이다. 특히 서유가(徐有架)(산림경제(山林經濟))가 주장한바 이앙(移秧)의 유리성(有利性)은 제초노력이 절감되고 묘대(苗垈)와 본답(本畓)의 토지기력(土地氣力)을 얻기 때문에 벼의 좋은 생육(生育)을 기대할 수 있다는 것이었다. 또는 벼를 뽑았다가 다시 심기 때문에 새롭게 기력이 얻어진다는 것이었다. 물론 이앙법(移秧法)에 앞선 재평가(再評價), 이모작(二毛作)의 한계성(限界性), 반답법(反畓法)의 제약론(制約論), 광작(廣作)의 폐단에 처한 금지론(禁止論)이 있었다. 그당시 이지연(李止淵)에 의해서 벼의 수도수분생이(水稻水分生理), 토지(土地) 및 제초(除草)의 편리성(便利性)을 고려한 수도직파재배법(水稻直播栽培法)이 쓰여 졌는데 그것은 가장 안정한 농가소득을 확보하는 창조적인 작부체계(作付體系)였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.