• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2006

Purpose: To provide basic data and to identify the risk of pressure ulcers among neurological patients in ICU. Method: The participants in the study were on 78 neurological patients in the ICU of 3 hospitals. Data were collected every other day from 24 hours after admission, for up to 40 days or until discharge. The total period of data collection was 3 months. The risk assessment scales used for pressure ulcer were the Cubbin & Jackson(1991) scale and the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel(1989) skin assessment tool. Results: There was a significant relationship between having a pressure ulcers and weight, skin condition, mental status, respiration, hygiene and hemodynamic status compared to not having a pressure ulcer. The incidence rate of the pressure ulcer was 28.2%(n=22). Of these patients the mean number of hospitalization days until pressure ulcer development was 5.2 days. The most common pressure ulcer site was the coccyx(39.3%). Based on a cut-off point of 24, 9 patients with risk scores <24 on admission also showed risk score for development of pressure ulcers, 10 patients with pressure ulcer scores ${\geq}24$ were older, hospitalized for a longer time, had low serum albumin, low hemoglobin, diabetes mellitus and surgery. Conclusion: In order to make the Cubbin & Jackson risk assessment scales more useful, there is a need to determine the reliability of the upper cut-off point 24. The result also showed a need to assess other risk factors and for early identification of at-risk patients in order to provide preventive care from admission to discharge.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.258-267
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out validity of Surface Electromyography(sEMG) compared with Nerve Conduction Study and clinical assessment scale as assessment factors for facial palsy. Methods: We investigated 50 cases of patients with peripheral facial palsy who had records of sEMG and NCS to check. Then we analyzed the correlation between sEMG and NCS that carried out around 1 week after onset. And we analyzed the correlation between sEMG and clinical assessment scales that were measured three times around 1 week, 3-4 weeks and 5-6 weeks after onset. Clinical assessment scales used in this study were House-brackmann grade, Yanagihara unweighted grading scale and Sunnybrook facial grading system. We used Pearson's correlation for statistical analysis. Results: sEMG and NCS, measured at similar times, were statistically correlated. Especially, the correlation with the forehead region was high. And sEMG and clinical assessment scale, measured at same time, were statistically correlated, especially after 5 weeks from onset. Conclusion: According to this study, sEMG is expected to be useful to assessment facial palsy.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

In this study, vulnerability of water resources to climate change was assessed in terms of flood, drought and water management. Criteria and indicators were employed for assessing the vulnerability. The criteria used to assess the vulnerability was sensitivity of the study area, the exposure to climate and the adaptability to climate change. These criteria were quantified and standardized using corresponding indicators. Vulnerability of water resources to climate change is assessed to be generally increasing over time. The appropriate watershed scales are the large drainage basin for national level vulnerability assessment and the small drainage basin for local one.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4439-4455
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• 2021

Compared with two-stage object detection algorithms, one-stage algorithms provide a better trade-off between real-time performance and accuracy. However, these methods treat the intermediate features equally, which lacks the flexibility to emphasize meaningful information for classification and location. Besides, they ignore the interaction of contextual information from different scales, which is important for medium and small objects detection. To tackle these problems, we propose an image pyramid network based on dual attention mechanism (DAIPNet), which builds an image pyramid to enrich the spatial information while emphasizing multi-scale informative features based on dual attention mechanisms for one-stage object detection. Our framework utilizes a pre-trained backbone as standard detection network, where the designed image pyramid network (IPN) is used as auxiliary network to provide complementary information. Here, the dual attention mechanism is composed of the adaptive feature fusion module (AFFM) and the progressive attention fusion module (PAFM). AFFM is designed to automatically pay attention to the feature maps with different importance from the backbone and auxiliary network, while PAFM is utilized to adaptively learn the channel attentive information in the context transfer process. Furthermore, in the IPN, we build an image pyramid to extract scale-wise features from downsampled images of different scales, where the features are further fused at different states to enrich scale-wise information and learn more comprehensive feature representations. Experimental results are shown on MS COCO dataset. Our proposed detector with a 300 × 300 input achieves superior performance of 32.6% mAP on the MS COCO test-dev compared with state-of-the-art methods.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2016

Objective: To investigate psychological distress and fertility quality of life (FertiQoL) in infertile Korean women, and to investigate whether a correlation exists between psychological distress and FertiQoL. Methods: Participants in this study were made up of 141 infertile women and 65 fertile women. We conducted a survey on psychological distress (using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales [DASS]-42 questionnaire) and administered a FertiQoL questionnaire. The levels of stress hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] and cortisol) in serum were assessed. Results: The scores for depression ($13.7{\pm}8.4$), anxiety ($10.7{\pm}6.4$), and stress ($18.0{\pm}8.3$) among the infertile women were significantly higher than the scores for depression ($9.4{\pm}7.5$), anxiety ($6.6{\pm}6.0$), and stress ($12.2{\pm}8.3$, p<0.001) among the fertile women. There was no difference in the scores for depression ($13.5{\pm}8.2$, $13.8{\pm}8.6$), anxiety ($10.0{\pm}6.2$, $11.5{\pm}6.6$) and stress ($17.7{\pm}8.4$, $18.4{\pm}8.1$) between younger (${\leq}34$) and older (${\geq}35$) participants. The mind-body (r =-0.495) and emotional (r =-0.590) subscales showed a higher negative correlation with stress compared with other scales of psychological distress. At the same time, the social (r =-0.537) and relational (r =-0.385) subscales showed a higher negative correlation with depression. Levels of cortisol and ACTH in infertile women were $9.1{\mu}g/mL$ and 11.9 pg/mL, respectively, which are within normal ranges. Conclusion: The levels of psychological distress and quality of life in infertile Korean women seem to require psychological intervention. This study provides a baseline measurement of psychological distress and FertiQoL in infertile women in Korea, which will be available for developing psychological interventions for infertile Korean women.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2001

Objectives : It is well known that pharmacologic and behavioral therapies of panic disorder show remarkable acute treatment outcome, however the course of panic disorder in clinical settings is often chronic and relapsing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment outcome of panic disorder and the factors related to good treatment outcome by prospective follow-up study after 6 month in clinical settings. Methods : Twenty nine patients were diagnosed to have panic disorder by SCID(Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R), among the patients who had visited the psychiatric out-patients clinic of the Asan Medical Center for the first time. We determined the initial clinical and demoraphic features of each patient and reevaluated them after 6 months, investigating the treatment outcome by anxiety, phobia, impairment scales. We looked into the rate of the patients who showed good treatment outcome and determined the factors that had relation with good treatment outcome among demographic and clinical features. Results : Nineteen out of 29 patients could be followed after 6 months. Among them, 10 patients 52.6%) on the impairment scale and phobia scale each, and 8 patients(42.1 %) on the anxiety scale showed good treatment outcome. 8 patients(42.1 %) showed good treatment outcome on the all three scales. High score in initial phobia scale had significant relation with good treatment outcome. Short duration of illness did not have significant relation with good treatment outcome however there was a trend(p=0.07). Conclusion : About half(42.1 %) of the panic disorder patients showed good treatment outcome on all three scales. Severe initial phobic symptom and short duration of illness were expected to have relation with good treatment outcome.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.102-111
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the optimal conditions of collagen extraction from scales of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) using surface response methodology. Four independent variables of NaOH concentration and pretreatment fime in alkali pretreatment and enzyme concentration and treatment time in enzyme hydrolysis were used to predict a model equation for the collagen yield. The determinant coefficient ($R^2$) for the equation was 0.906. The values of the independent variables for the maximum yield were 0.32 N NaOH, 16.38 h alkali pretreatment time, 0.18% enzyme concentration, and 31.02 h enzyme treatment time. In the physicochemical properties of tuna scale collagen, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tuna scale collagen showed the same migration distances as that of calf skin collagen. The amide A, I, II, and III regions of tuna scale collagen in Fourier transform infrared measurements were shown in the peaks of 3,414 $cm^{-1}$, 1,645 $cm^{-1}$, 1,553 $cm^{-1}$, and 1,247 $cm^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of imino acids in tuna scale collagen was 18.97% and the collagen denaturation temperature was $33^{\circ}C$. The collagen solubility as a function of NaCl concentration decreased to 4% NaCl (w/v) and the collagen solubility as a function of pH was high at pH 2-4 and sharply decreased from pH 4 to pH 7. Viscosity of the collagen solution decreased continuously until $30^{\circ}C$ and this decreasing rate slowed in the temperature range of $35-50^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Nonthermal particles can be produced due to incomplete thermalization at collisionless shocks and further accelerated to very high energies via diffusive shock acceleration. In a previous study we explored the cosmic ray (CR) acceleration at cosmic shocks through numerical simulations of CR modified, quasi-parallel shocks in 1D plane-parallel geometry with the physical parameters relevant for the shocks emerging in the large scale structure formation of the universe (Kang & Jones 2002). Specifically we considered pancake shocks driven by accretion flows with $U_o = 1500 km\;s^{-l}$ and the preshock gas temperature of $T_o = 10^4 - 10^8K$. In order to consider the CR acceleration at shocks with a broader range of physical properties, in this contribution we present additional simulations with accretion flows with $U_o = 75 - 1500 km\;s^{-l}$ and $T_o = 10^4K$. We also compare the new simulation results with those reported in the previous study. For a given Mach number, shocks with higher speeds accelerate CRs faster with a greater number of particles, since the acceleration time scale is $t_{acc}\;{\propto}\;U_o^{-2}$. However, two shocks with a same Mach number but with different shock speeds evolve qualitatively similarly when the results are presented in terms of diffusion length and time scales. Therefore, the time asymptotic value for the fraction of shock kinetic energy transferred to CRs is mainly controlled by shock Mach number rather than shock speed. Although the CR acceleration efficiency depends weakly on a well-constrained injection parameter, $\epsilon$, and on shock speed for low shock Mach numbers, the dependence disappears for high shock Mach numbers. We present the 'CR energy ratio', ${\phi}(M_s)$, for a wide range of shock parameters and for $\epsilon$ = 0.2 - 0.3 at terminal time of our simulations. We suggest that these values can be considered as time-asymptotic values for the CR acceleration efficiency, since the time-dependent evolution of CR modified shocks has become approximately self-similar before the terminal time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.875-884
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• 2012

Many Koreans have recently bleached their black hair to blond or a light color due to the influence of their favorite Korean idols. Bleaching effects were studied under various bleaching conditions, such as the concentration of oxidants, the ratio between bleach accelerant and oxidant, and treatment temperature and time. The degree of damage of bleached hair with the same color difference (${\Delta}E$) intervals was observed in SEM images, the retention of breaking load and the change of color after dyeing. The ratio between bleach accelerant and oxidant of 1:2.5 was an effective condition. $L^*$ values of the bleached hair treated with 9% oxidant increased to 90 min. At a treatment temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, $a^*$ values were maximum at 30 min and then decreased as time further increased; however, $b^*$ values of the bleached hair increased as the treatment time increased. At $45^{\circ}C$, both of $a^*$ and $b^*$ values showed a maximum at a specific time. Bleaching efficiency was influenced most by temperature, followed in order by time, and oxidant concentration. As the treatment time increased, $L^*$ values greatly increased with twice treatment; however, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values decreased. Bleached hair, which had a color difference of higher than 30, showed the scales were completely removed and the retention of the breaking load greatly decreased. Highly bleached hair showed a great decrease in $L^*$ values by dyeing; however, dyeing with bright colors was more indicative to the effect of bleaching.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53.1-53.1
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• 2018

During a major solar eruption, the erupting plasma is possibly out of the equilibrium ionization state because of its rapid heating or cooling. The non-equilibrium ionization process is important in a rapidly evolving system where the thermodynamical time scale is shorter than the ionization or recombination time scales. We investigate the effects of non-equilibrium ionization on EUV and X-ray observations by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board Solar Dynamic Observatory and X-ray Telescope (XRT) on board Hinode. For the investigation, first, we find the emissivities for all the lines of ions of elements using CHIANTI 8.07, and then we find the temperature responses multiplying the emissivities by the effective area for each AIA and XRT passband. Second, we obtain the ion fractions using a time-dependent ionization model (Shen et al. 2015), which uses an eigenvalue method, for all the lines of ion, as a function of temperature, and a characteristic time scale, $n_et$, where $n_e$ and t are density and time, respectively. Lastly, the ion fractions are multiplied to the temperature response for each passband, which results in a 2D grid for each combination of temperature and the characteristic time scale. This is the set of passband responses for plasma that is rapidly ionized in a current sheet or a shock. We investigate an observed event which has a relatively large uncertainty in an analysis using a differential emission measure method assuming equilibrium ionization state. We verify whether the observed coronal plasmas are in non-equilibrium or equilibrium ionization state using the passband responses.