• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2009

벼 재배시 하해혼성층 논토양의 전북통과 지산통 작토층과 경반층의 특성을 2년간(2005~2006)조사 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 하해혼성층적층 대표토양인 전북통과 곡간충적층 대표토양인 지산통을 10개소에서 조사한 결과 작토심은 전북통 12.6 cm, 지산통 12.7 cm 이었고 플라우 경운깊이는 120필지에서 조사한 결과 10.5 cm 이었으며 전북통에서 경도와 작토심과는 부의 상관을, 경도와 경반층 두께와는 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 경반층 경도는 전북통 $14.7kg\;cm^{-2}(25.3mm)$, 지산통 $8.7kg\;cm^{-2}(22.1mm)$ 이었고, 두께는 전북통 22.3 cm, 지산통 17.8 cm 이었으며 경반층 출현깊이는 전북통 15 cm, 지산통 20 cm에 있었다. 경반층 지온은 작토층과의 차이를 보면 전북통에서는 봄 $-2.0^{\circ}C$, 여름 $-2.5^{\circ}C$, 가을 $-1.0^{\circ}C$를 지산통은 봄 $-2.1^{\circ}C$, 여름 $-1.8^{\circ}C$, 가을 $-0.7^{\circ}C$를 나타냈고 전북통에서 산화환원전위차 변화는 작토층은 유수형성기부터 환원상태를 경반층은 출수후기까지 산화상태를 나타냈다. 토양물리성은 두 토양통 공히 경반층에서 용적밀도, 고상율이 높고 공극율, 기상율이 낮았다. 또한 토양화학성은 경반층에서 총질소가 낮았고, 유기물 및 유효 인산함량이 적은 반면에 pH가 높고, 유효규산, 치환성칼슘 및 마그네슘 함량이 많았다. 양이온치환용량은 전북통에서 작토층 및 경반층 비슷한 경향이었으나 지산통은 경반층에서 다소 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. 무기태질소 함량은 토양통 공히 작토층에서 많았고, 가용성 미량성분 함량은 경반층에서 많았으며 지산통에서 많은 경향을 나타냈다. 감수심은 전북통에서 심경구, 지산통 경운구는 로타리구보다 빠르고, 계절별 감수심 변화는 6월 하순까지는 감수심이 빨랐으나 7~8월에는 1~3 mm로 늦었으며 9월부터는 빠른 경향을 나타냈다. 벼 뿌리분포는 로타리 25 cm, 심경 30 cm, 경운 20 cm까지 신장하였고, 출수기 뿌리 건물중은 심경>로타리>경운 순으로 무거웠다.

• 환경생물
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.567-575
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• 2018

토지이용별로 토양 물리성 변화를 평가하기 위하여 2009년부터 2017년까지 전국의 밭, 과수원, 논을 대상으로 토양물리성 특성을 4년 주기로 분석하였다. 밭은 작토심, 심토 유기물 함량, 심토 산중식 경도가 증가하고 심토 용적밀도가 감소하며, 개량기준 초과비율도 지속적으로 감소하였다. 과수원은 경운심이 증가하였으나 심토 유기물 함량이 감소하고 적정기준을 초과하는 비율은 4년 전보다 증가하였다. 논은 작토심, 심토 유기물 함량이 감소하고 심토 용적밀도가 증가하며 개량기준 초과비율이 증가하는 등 물리성 불량이 심화되었다. 최근 10년간 밭, 과수원에 비해 논의 물리성이 악화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 공통적으로 심토 유기물 함량이 감소하고 심토 용적밀도가 증가하는 주요한 요인은 토양유기물로 평가되었다. 따라서 토양물리성 질 관리에 유기물은 중요한 요소이었으며, 특히 논에서 지속적인 유기물 관리와 경운방법 개선 등이 필요하다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1987

The objective of this study is to develop a soil hardness tester which can estimate tillage resistance with tae travelling cone-penetrometer. For the study, a series of tests was performed using the cone penetrating in the horizontal direction. Based on the tests above, soil hardness was represented by travelling cone-index vs depth of cone penetration, travelling speed and moisture contents of the soil Resistance characteristics obtained from the experiments were compared with those by a vertical cone-penetrometer and the Yamanaka's soil hardness tester. Following conclusions were made from the study. 1. 8 to 9 peaks per one meter were detected in the resistance curve of cone penetration regardless of the travelling speed of cone-penetrometer when it penetrated the soil in the horizontal direction. This phenomenon seemed to be a similar one noticed in shearing pitch of plowing. 2. Cone index increased as travelling speed increased from 0.08m/sec to 0.5m/sec. 3. Linear relationship was found between the cone indices measured by the travelling coe-penetrometer and Yamanaka's hardness tester. 4. Increasing rate of the cone indices measured by vertical cone-penetrometer decreased as the depth of soil increased while the cone indices by the travelling cone-pentrometer increased linearly.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.548-554
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• 2016

Optimal range of soil physical quality to enhance crop productivity or to improve environmental health is still in dispute for the upland soil. We hypothesized that the optimal range might be established by comparing soil physical parameters and their interactions inhibiting crop growth. The parameter identifying optimal range covered favorable conditions of aeration, permeability and root extension. To establish soil physical standard two experiments were conducted as follows; 1) investigating interactions of bulk density and aeration porosity in the laboratory test and 2) determining effects of soil compaction and deep & conventional tillage on physical properties and crop growth in the field test. The crops were Perilla frutescens, Zea mays L., Solanum tuberosum L. and Secale cereael. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density from the root depth, root growth and stem length were obtained. Higher bulk density showed lower aeration porosity and hydraulic conductivity, and finer texture had lower threshold bulk density at 10% aeration bulk density. Reduced crop growth by subsoil compaction was higher in silt clay loam compared to other textures. Loam soil had better physical improvement in deep rotary tillage plot. Combined with results of the present studies, the soil physical quality was possibly assessed by bulk density index. Threshold subsoil bulk density as the upper value were $1.55Mg\;m^{-3}$ in sandy loam, $1.50Mg\;m^{-3}$ in loam and $1.45Mg\;m^{-3}$ in silty clay loam for optimal soil physical quality in upland.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회지
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• pp.216-217
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• 2004

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.367-375
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• 2003

본 연구는 농촌지역에 많이 보급되어 있는 50 마력급 트랙터의 견인 및 작업성능을 우리나라의 주요 수도 포장을 대상으로 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 예측하기 위해 수행되었다. 모의실험은 트랙터의 견인력에 영향을 미치는 토양인자와 차량인자를 포함하는 수학적 모델을 이용하였다. 토양의 물리적 특성은 우리나라 수도재배의 대표적인 지역 중의 일부라고 볼 수 있는 이리, 남양간척지, 아산만지역, 평택, 밀양, 상주, 김해, 김포, 안동, 안성, 음성, 강화지역 등에서 서로 다른 면 단위 지역을 선택하여 총 40개 지역에서 측정하였다. 40개 조사지역의 토성은 미사질양토(SiL)지역이 26곳으로 가장 많았으며 양토(L)가 5곳, 사질양토(SL)가 4곳, 미사질식양토(SiCL)가 3곳 등으로 조사지역의 대부분의 토양은 양질계통이었다. 이들 지역에서 경운정지 시기의 토양수분함량은 주로 20-40%의 범위이었으며, 드물게 20% 이하 지역과 50%가 넘는 지역이 한 두 곳 있었다. 용적밀도는 대부분의 조사지역에서 $1,500-1,700kg\;m^{-3}$의 범위이었다. 원추지수는 2부터 $12kg\;cm^{-2}$까지 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 나타났다. 전체 조사지역에서 시뮬레이션에 의해 예측된 트랙터의 견인력은 63-1,469 kgf까지 매우 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 분포하였으며, 아주 연약한 지역을 제외하고는 대부분의 지역에서 1,000 kgf 이상을 나타내었다. 한편, 시뮬레이션에 의해 트랙터의 경운작업 가능성을 조사한 결과, 대부분의 지역에서 트랙터에 의한 원활한 경운작업이 가능한 것으로 조사되었으나 안동과 남양만의 일부 지역에서는 트랙터에 의한 원활한 경운작업이 어려울 뿐만 이니라 경우에 따라서 는 트랙터 자체의 이동성 문제도 발생할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 1997

This study was initiated to build runoff plots, install soil and water quality monitoring systems and collect background data from the plots and neighboring soils as the 1st year study of a 5 year project to assess soil quality and develop the management practices for environmentally sound agriculture in mountainous soils. Eleven $3{\times}15m$ runoff plots and monitoring systems were installed at a field of National Alpine Agricultural Experiment Station to monitor soil quality and discharge of nonpoint source pollutants. Corn and potato were cultivated under different fertilizer, tillage and residue cover treatments. The soil has a single-layered cluster structure that has a relatively good hydrologic properties and can adsorb a large amount of nutrient. Concentrations of T-N, $NH_4$-N, and $NO_3$-N of surface soil sampled in the winter were relatively high. Runoff quality in the winter and thawing season in the spring was largely dependent on surface freezing, snow accumulation, temperature, surface thawing depth and so on. Runoff during the thawing season caused serious soil erosion but runoff quality during the winter was relatively good. Serious wind erosion from unprotected fields after the fall harvest were obserbed and best management practices to reduce the erosion need to be developed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.128-138
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• 2018

Background: This study investigated the variation of soil organic carbon in four land cover types: natural and mixed forest, cultivated land, Eucalyptus plantation and open bush land. The study was conducted in the Birr watershed of the upper Blue Nile ('Abbay') river basin. Methods: The data was subjected to a two-way of ANOVA analysis using the general linear model (GLM) procedures of SAS. Pairwise comparison method was also used to assess the mean difference of the land uses and depth levels depending on soil properties. Total of 148 soil samples were collected from two depth layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Results: The results showed that overall mean soil organic carbon stock was higher under natural and mixed forest land use compared with other land use types and at all depths ($29.62{\pm}1.95Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$), which was 36.14, 28.36, and 27.63% more than in cultivated land, open bush land, and Eucalyptus plantation, respectively. This could be due to greater inputs of vegetation and reduced decomposition of organic matter. On the other hand, the lowest soil organic carbon stock under cultivated land could be due to reduced inputs of organic matter and frequent tillage which encouraged oxidation of organic matter. Conclusions: Hence, carbon concentrations and stocks under natural and mixed forest and Eucalyptus plantation were higher than other land use types suggesting that two management strategies for improving soil conditions in the watershed: to maintain and preserve the forest in order to maintain carbon storage in the future and to recover abandoned crop land and degraded lands by establishing tree plantations to avoid overharvesting in natural forests.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze soil physico-chemical properties of agricultural land composed from the river-bed sediments. We investigated the changes of soil physico-chemical properties at 30 different sampling sites containing paddy, upland and plastic film house from 2012 to 2015. pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium decreased gradually in paddy soils during the four years, whereas the available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable Ca, Mg and EC increased in upland and plastic film house soil. For the soil physical properties, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were $1.47g\;cm^{-3}$ and 21.5 mm and those of subsoil were $1.71g\;cm^{-3}$ and 25.7 mm in paddy soils. In upland soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were $1.48g\;cm^{-3}$ and 15.9 mm and those of subsoil were $1.55g\;cm^{-3}$ and 16.9 mm. In plastic film house soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were $1.42g\;cm^{-3}$ and 14.4 mm and those of subsoil were $1.40g\;cm^{-3}$ and 18.5 mm, respectively. The penetration hardness was higher than 3 MPa below soil depth 20 cm, and it is impossible to measure below soil depth 50 cm. As these results, in agricultural anthropogenic soils dredged from river basins, the pH, amount of organic matter and exchangeable cations decreased and soil physical properties also deteriorated with time. Therefore, it is needed to apply more organic matters and suitable amount of fertilizer and improve the soil physical properties by cultivating green manure crops, deep tillage, and reversal of deep soils.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.564-569
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• 2015

In highland crop fields, saprolite is piled up approximately every three years as deep much as 20 to 30 cm because farmers expect that adding new materials may improve productivity and mitigate hazards by continuous cultivation of a single crop. Piling saprolite, however, has been reported to induce poor soil drainage. Effects of deep ploughing with a spading machine and an excavator were studied in sites located in Daekwanryeong-myeon, Pyeongchang in which soil physical properties were deteriorated by piled saprolite. The soil made of parent material of Samgag series was piled up over surface soil of Haggog series naturally developed in the area. Carrot was cultivated in the field. Productivity and growth factors of carrot were compared among control and deep ploughing by a spading machine and an excavator. Effective soil depth extended to 60 cm or greater by 60 cm deep ploughing by an excavator or 50 cm deep ploughing by a spading machine. On the other hand, effective soil depth was within 50 cm at control plot. Productivity of carrot responded to amelioration of soil physical properties. The productivity was greater in deep ploughing treatments than that of control or 30 cm ploughing. It suggested that increased productivity by deep ploughing was mainly related to breaking plough pan which inhibited extension of rooting zone.