• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.204-208
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• 2013

CO2 emission makes up more than 80% of whole green gas. Therefore CO2 is recognized as the main culprit of global warming. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is advising the 3 methods measuring CO2 emission. TIER1 is measured CO2 emission by criteria the energy consumption, TIER2 measure by criteria the emission factor according to the emission control technique each kind of vehicle, TIER3 is measured by criteria the distance each kind of vehicle. Currently, the most of CO2 emission measurement is used by TIER1. But it is not standardized that CO2 emission measurement method have the factor as work condition each distance. Specially, it is not suggest that methodology has the condition changing load of equipment according to site condition and the same position work as construction equipment. So, this study is suggested the CO2 emission measurement methodology of construction equipment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.263-264
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• 2008

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2011

The introduction of a diesel engine into the passenger car and light duty applications in the United States involves significant technical challenges for the automotive makers. This paper describes the SCR System optimization procedure for such a diesel engine application to meet Tier2 Bin5 emission regulation. A urea SCR system, a representative $NO_x$ reduction after-treatment technique, is applied to a 3.0 liter diesel engine. To achieve the maximum $NO_x$ reduction performance, the exhaust system layout was optimized using series of the computational fluid dynamics and the urea distribution uniformity test. Furthermore a comprehensive simulation model for the key factors influencing $NO_x$ reduction performance was developed and embedded in the Simulink/Matlab environment. This model was then applied to the urea SCR system and played a key role to shorten the time needed for SCR control parameter calibration. The potential of a urea SCR system for reducing diesel $NO_x$ emission is shown for FTP75 and US06 emission standard test cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2018

Fossil fuel combustion during fishing activities is a major contributor to climate changes in the fishing industry. The Tier1 methodology calculation and on-site continuous measurements of the greenhouse gas were carried out through the use of fuel by the coastal and offshore gillnet (blue crabs and yellow croaker) and trap (small octopus and red snow crab) fishing boats in Korea. The emission comparison results showed that the field measurements are similar to or slightly higher than the Tier1 estimates for coastal gillnet and trap. In offshore gillnet and trap fisheries, Tier1 estimate of greenhouse gases was about $1,644-13,875kg\;CO_2/L$, which was more than the field measurement value. The $CO_2$ emissions factor based on the fuel usage was $2.49-3.2kg\;CO_2/L$ for coastal fisheries and $1.46-2.24kg\;CO_2/L$ for offshore fisheries. Furthermore, GHG emissions per unit catch and the ratio of field measurement and Tier1 emission estimate were investigated. Since the total catch of coastal fish was relatively small, the emission per unit catch in coastal fisheries was four to eight times larger. The results of this study could be used to determine the baseline data for responding to changes in fisheries environment and reducing greenhouse gas emission.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 2013

Knowledge-based Service Industry is an industry that creates added value through the production, processing, and use of knowledge. Comparing to other service industries, it is innovation-oriented business endeavors having the characteristics that exert the great influences on other fields. Meanwhile, however, research efforts thereof are yet insignificant. In this study, we analyzed the innovation performance of architectural design office which creates knowledge services, having raised the necessity of innovation of the design office. The innovation performance were classified according to the extent of efficiency of the architectural design office making use of DEA-Tier analysis, and, for those architectural design offices that showed significant differences in efficiency, we presented the case studies of the firms that were substantial benchmarking targets from short, medium, and long-term perspectives.

• Journal of Creative Information Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2020

In this study, the case of capstone design course operation for the execution of SW development-oriented projects in the field of computer engineering is presented, and a 3-tier capstone design model is proposed through the case. Recently, most engineering departments operate capstone design classes, but in many cases, capstone design courses are generally operated in the graduation year. Students taking these capstone design courses are experiencing difficulties in the process of actually coding and implementing together with the collaboration process according to the team project class operation, but before these difficulties, derivation and verification of possible ideas and concrete ideas It is showing more difficulties in the process. In this study, in order to efficiently operate the capstone design and create results, in the second semester prior to graduation, students, professors, and mentors from industry mentors will work together to develop ideas through an idea tone contest, etc. Through the second semester, we propose a 3-tier capstone design model that can advance the idea and actual implementation and implementation of the derived ideas.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 2014

This research was conducted to examine the temporal methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission trends in livestock agriculture from year 1990 to 2011 with Tier 1 national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reporting method, which was related to efforts of decreasing GHG emissions and to achievement of voluntary GHG mitigation target. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation were calculated with default $CH_4$ emission factors of IPCC. Methane and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment processes were calculated with Tier 1 and mixture of Tier 1 and Tier 2 including $N_2O$ emission factors of manure treatment systems and nitrogen excretion rate of livestock, respectively. According to 2013 National GHG Inventory Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification report, GHG emission fluctuations from enteric fermentation and manure treatment processes were similarto livestock head fluctuation. GHG emissions from enteric fermentation were mainly affected by beef cattle including Hanwoo, while manure treatment processes were affected by various livestock.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2001

It is difficult to develop Electronic Commerce System due to expansion, maintenance and repair of the system. In this paper, the author proposes 3-Tier structure Stock Market Management System using JAVA and CORBA. The event service of CORBA supports the interactive environment. For improvement of expansion, performance, security, maintenance, repair. and efficiency, the 3-Tier structure Stock Market Management System is implemented using CORBA and JDBC middle ware in this environment.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.362-368
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• 2014

Container vessel sizes have constantly increased over the past two decades. With increasing ship sizes and higher container loading capacities, the adoption of lashing bridges has also increased. Today's lashing bridge designs range from 1st tier to 3rd tier lashing bridges. Container securing program of the past which is based on two lashing rods and 1st tier lashing bridge has to be improved to be suitable for the present time. The equilibrium equations in this study are established to cover the application of 3~4 lashing rods and 2nd~3rd tier lashing bridges. In addition developed program is improved to be able to calculate the reaction forces and optimum arrangement under the external lashing. An optimization algorithm which is suitable for the container securing problems involved the equality constraint has been also adopted in this study.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2012

There are four differentiated levels to quantify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a facility, which are Tier 1 to 4 based on the IPCC guidelines. In this study, the emission estimates from all tier levels were calculated to compare their total $CO_2$ emission results among themselves for seven facilities, including three sectors of electricity generation, municipal solid waste incineration, and cement manufacturing for three months between February and May 2011. Generally the measured $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 4 were higher than the calculated $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 3, which had been also observed for the power plants in the USA. It was found out that to obtain more reliable estimation for Tier 3, accurate analysis of the composition of the fuel used should be carried out. It was suggested that further refinement on the administrative guidelines be made to make it more robust.