• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2008

The single intratracheal instillation (ITI) of bleomycin (BLM) is a widely used method for inducing experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rat model. In the present study, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) of tidal volume ($V_T$), minute volume ($V_M$), and respiratory frequency ($F_R$) have been applied to study their possibility as a tool to monitor the progress of BLM-induced lung injury in rat model. Rats were treated with a single ITI of BLM (2.5 mg/kg) or saline (control). Animals were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-ITI. Lung toxicity effects were evaluated by inflammatory cell count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and light microscopic examination of lung injury. The PFT parameters were measured immediately before the animals were sacrificed. BLM treatment induced significant cellular changes in BALF-increase in number of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes along with sustained increase in number of macrophages compared to the controls at days 3, 7, and 14. BALF LDH level was significantly increased compared to that in the controls up to day 14. On day 3, infiltration of neutrophils was observed in the alveolar spaces. These changes developed into marked peribronchiolar and interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells, and extensive thickening of the interalveolar septa on day 7. At 14, 21, and 28 days, mild peribronchiolar fibrosis was observed along with inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of PFT show significant consistencies compared to the results of other toxicity tests. These data demonstrate that the most suitable time point for assessing lung fibrosis in this model is 14 days post-ITI of BLM based on the observation of fibrosis at 14, 21, and 28 days. Further, the progress of lung injury can be traced by monitoring the PFT parameters of $F_R$, $V_T$, and $V_M$.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.9-26
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• 1997

Stokes drift(SD) and Lagrangian discharge(LD) are important factors for analysis of flushing time, tidal exchange, solute transport and pollutant dispersion. The factors should be calculated using the approached method to flow phenomena. The aim of this paper re-examines the previous procedures for computing the SD and LD, and is to propose the new method approached to stratified flow field in the cross-section of coastal region, e.g. Masan Bay. The intensity of velocity near the bottom boundary layer(BBL) depends on the sea-bed irregularity in the coastal estuaries. So we calculated the depth mean velocity(DMV) considering that of BBL omitted in Kjerfve's calculation method. It revealed that BBL effect resulting in application of the bay acts largely on DMV in half more among 1l stations. The new expression of SD and LD per unit width in the cross-section using the developed DMV and proposed decomposition procedure of current were derived as follow : $$Q=u_0+\frac{1}{2}H_1{U_1cos(\varphi_h-\varphi_u)+U_3cos(\varphi_h-\varphi{ud})} LD ED SD$(Q_{skim}+Q_{sk2}) The third term, $Q_{sk2}$, on the right-hand of the equation is showed newly and arise from vertical oscillatory shear. According to the results applied in 3 cross-sections including 11 stations of the bay, the volume difference between proposed and previous SD was founded to be almost 2 times more at some stations. But their mean transport volumes over all stations are 18% less than the previous SD. Among two terms of SD, the flux of second term, $Q_{skim}$, is larger than third term, $Q_{sk2}$, in the main channel of cross-section, so that $Q_{skim}$ has a strong dependence on the tidal pumping, whereas third term is larger than second in the marginal channel. It means that $Q_{sk2}$ has trapping or shear effect more than tidal pumping phenomena. Maximum range of the fluctuation in LD is 40% as compared with the previous equations, but mean range of it is showed 11% at all stations, namely, small change. It mean that two components of SD interact as compensating flow. Therefore, the computation of SD and LD depend on decomposition procedure of velocity component in obtaining the volume transport of temporal and spacial flow through channels. The calculation of SD and LD proposed here can separate the shear effect from the previous SD component, so can be applied to non-uniform flow condition of cross-section, namely, baroclinic flow field.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined whether breathing exercises might increase the chest expansion and pulmonary function of stroke patients. Methods: Twenty four patients with stroke were assigned randomly into two groups: a combination of diaphragmatic resistive breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercise (CB) group (n=10) and control group (n=14). The CB group completed a 4-week program of diaphragmatic resistive breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercise. The subjects were assessed using the pre-test and post-test measurements of the chest expansion (length for resting, deep inspiration, deep expiration, deep expiration-inspiration) and pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)). Results: A comparison of the chest expansion between the pre and post tests revealed similar rest, deep inspiration, deep expiration, and deep expiration-inspiration lengths in the CB and control groups (p>0.05). A comparison of the pulmonary function between pre and post tests, revealed significant improvements in the FVC, FEV, PEF, VC, IRV, and ERV in the CB group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the FVC, FEV1, PEF, VC and IRV between the 2 groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that breathing exercise should help improve the pulmonary function, such as the volume and capacity. This suggests that the pulmonary functions of stroke patients might be improved further by a continued respiratory exercise program.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.253-266
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• 2014

광양만 권역의 해수 순환 양상과 섬진강 하천수 유입으로 발생하는 밀도류 이동 양상을 3차원 수치모델링 실험을 통해 연구하였다. $120m^3/s$의 섬진강 연평균 유량을 부과하여 실험을 진행하였다. 조위와 유속장, 염분장에 대해 각각 스킬분석(skill analysis)을 이용하여 모델을 검증하였으며, 그 결과 대부분 90%가 넘는 재현율을 보였다. 모델은 조류, 담수유입에 의한 염분장의 변화를 잘 재현하였다. 창낙조시의 유속장의 분포는 1~2.5 m/s의 범위를 보였다. 특히 노량과 대방, 그리고 창선수로에서 2.0 m/s 이상의 강한 흐름이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 지형적 요인에 의해 좌우되는 조석잔차류의 크기는 1~21 cm/s의 범위를 보였고, 섬진강 담수 유입으로 인해 형성된 표층의 밀도류는 여수해만으로 진행하는 12 cm/s의 이하의 남향류와 노량수로로 진행하는 4 cm/s 이하의 동향류가 발생한다. 특히 여수해만에서의 밀도류 흐름은 서쪽 해안에 편향되어 남하하는 양상을 보였다. 모델 내 경계면에서의 체적 수송량과 밀도류 분포를 분석한 결과, 평수기시 섬진강으로부터 광양만 권역에 유입된 담수는 $97.4m^3/s$ (81.5%)가 여수해만으로 유입되며 $22.1m^3/s$ (18.5%)가 진주만으로 유입되는 양상을 보였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study were to determine whether changes of position might effect the chest expansion and pulmonary function of the 20s men obesity. Methods : Thirty subjects with obesity(M:30, % fat>25.0) and thirty normal subjects(M:30, % fat<24.9) were participated in experiment. Subjects were assessed according to position changes(supine position, $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position, $90^{\circ}$ sitting position) using chest length(chest length for resting, chest expansion) and pulmonary function (Tidal volume, Inspiratory capacity, Vital capacity, Inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume) by the CardioTouch 3000S(BIONET, USA). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare each region data of chest length and pulmonary function according to changes of position with obesity and normal subjects. Results : These findings suggest that the obesity can be appear to low chest expansion and pulmonary function than normal subjects on position method. In comparison of three experimental position, supine position was more low. Conclusion : This study showed position of the obesity appear low chest expansion and function of pulmonary volume than normal subjects, and thus it indicates that the pulmonary function of the obesity will be suggest objective respiratory data through the exercise program.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 1998

갑문을 통하여 유입되는 해수의 양을 산정하고, 1차원 수치모형을 적용하여 운하 속으로 해수의 확산 범위를 파악하였다. 복잡한 양상을 보이는 해수와 담수의 교환과정에서 조위, 갑식의 크기, 운하의 규모, 운영시간만을 고려한 개념적인 모형으로 표현하여 유입되는 해수의 양을 터미널로 배가 들오올 때와 나갈 때, 조위가 운하의 수위보다 높을 때와 낮을 때로 나누어 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 적용한 수치모형은 갑문을 통하여 유입되는 해수는 완전히 혼합된다고 가정하였으며, 또한 갑문을 열 때 갑실 속의 해수와 운하의 담수도 완전히 교환된다고 가정하였다. 서해 쪽 갑문을 통한 손실되는 물의 양을 한강 쪽의 갑문을 통하여 보충하는 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우로 나누어 고려하였다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of abdominal muscle strengthening exercise on abdominal muscle strength and respiratory function in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects were 14 stroke patients (10 males, 4 females) hospitalized at W rehabilitation hospital in Busan City and randomly assigned to 7 exercise groups and 7 control groups. Exercise was performed in combination with an upper and lower extremity pattern of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Measurements of abdominal muscle strength and respiratory function were made before intervention and 4 weeks after intervention. Abdominal muscle strength was assessed using a digital manual dynamometer, and respiratory function was assessed by spirometry. The collected data were analyzed with a paired t-test and independent t-test and the significance level was set as α =.05. Results : The results showed that applying abdominal muscle strengthening exercise to stroke patients showed a significant increase in abdominal muscle strength and a significant difference between groups (p<.05). Maximal-effort expiratory spirogram (MES) readings were significantly increased in forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), in the exercise group, and there were a significant differences between the groups in terms of FEV1 (p<.05). Slow vital capacity (SVC) was significantly increased in vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory capacity (EC), and there were significant differences between the groups in VC, TV, expiratory reserve volume (ERV), EC, and inspiratory capacity (IC) (p<.05). Conclusion : Abdominal muscle strengthening exercise was effective in the abdominal muscle strength of stroke patients, and it was confirmed to have a positive effect on the enhancement of respiratory function. Therefore, it seems that exercise programs for stroke patients with respiratory weakness should include abdominal muscle strengthening exercises.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 1993

Simultaneous bilateral bleb resection was done through bilateral transaxillary thoracotomy in 10 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax during the period from May 1991 to Novemver 1992 in whom bilateral bulla or bleb was detected with using simple chest X-ray and chest CT scanning. To compare the effectiveness of bilateral transaxillary thoracotomy, we investigated 10 unilateral transaxillary thoracotomy patients with spontaneous pneumothorax and two clinical reports from other institutes which dealt the results of bilateral bleb or bulla resection through median sternotomy also. In bilateral transaxillary thoracotomy group,mean operation time was 115 minute,mean intraoperative bleeding was 329 cc, mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.5 days. Postoperative ABGA[Arterial Blood Gas Analysis] was in normal range and postoperative recovery rates of FVC[Forced Vital Capacity], FEV1[Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 second], TV[Tidal Volume] were 84.3%, 93.4%, 88.7%,respectively. In median sternotomy group,mean operation time was 129 minute,mean intraoperative bleeding was 490 cc, mean postoperative hospital stay was 12.4 days. Postoperative ABGA was in normal range and postoperative recovery rates of FVC, FEV1 were 97.3%, 97.4%, respectively. In unilateral transaxillary thoracotomy group, postoperative ABGA was in normal range also and postoperative recovery rates of FVC, FEV1, TV were 91.6%, 99.0%, 96.0%,respectively. In conclusion, simultaneous bilateral bleb resection through bilateral transaxillary thoracotomy should be considered in pneumothorax patients with bilateral bleb or bulla because of cost-effectiveness[reducing hospital days] and better cosmetic result without any impairment in recovery of respiratory function.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.41-43
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• 1977

In pulmonary function which is important place which national physical power, in maximal grade of physical power, and end growth and development whom aged 20 years old that whole members 74 students, and taken pulmonary functions examination records, and took as the following results. 1) Frequency of breathing: Pertaining of the frequency of breathing are about form 15, to 16 times per minute at male and female students. 2) Vital capacity: Measures of vital capacity are in case of male students, whom was about 4.3 liter, and female students was about 3.6, liter which different between male and female students was more low quantity at female students with comparison male students. 3) Tidal volume: Pertaining of the volume are in case of male students, whom was 521ml, and female students was 497m1, and was slightly low quantity at female students with comparison male students, 4) Breathing holding time: Breathing holding time are in case of male students, whom was 64 sec, and female students was 55 sec, and was sbout 10 sec more high quantity at male students than female students.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2004

In situ particle size and volume concentration of suspended sediment was measured at the mouth of Seomjin River Estuary In February 2001, using an optical instrument, 'LISST-100'. Time variation of in situ particle size and concentration shows: (1) during ebb tide, Seomjin River supplies relatively fine-grained particles with less-fluctuated, compared to during flood tide, and well-behaved concentrations following the tidal cycle; and (2) during flood tide, relatively coarse-grained particles with highly variable in size distribution and concentration flow upstream from Kwangyang Bay. This explains a poor correlation $(r^{2}=0.10)$ between sediment concentration and beam attenuation coefficient during flood and a high degree of correlation $(r^{2}=0.80)$ during ebb tide. Relatively fine grained and well defined, monotonous size distribution may promote the correlation between concentration and beam attenuation coefficient due to optical homogeneity of particles during ebb tide. Abundance of large aggregates with time-varying size and shape distributions may be mainly responsible for variations in optical properties of the sediment during flood tide, and thus may confound the relationship between the two variables. The difference in particle sizes and shapes between flood and ebb tides can also be observed on SEM images.