• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.1194-1201
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• 2006

Purpose : The comatose mentality can be catastrophic, especially if the condition is severe or the duration is prolonged. Therefore, delayed diagnosis can result in a poor outcome or death. The best radiologic modality to differentiate from cerebral lesions in patients suffering from cerebral diseases is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rather than computed tomography (CT). Special apparatuses with metal materials such as ventilators, and cardiac pacemakers belonging to patients cannot be located in the magnetic field. We aimed to exhibit the possibility of examining MRI, maintaining ventilation at a relative long distance by means of modified $Ambu^{(R)}$. Methods : Self-inflating bags as a sort of a manual ventilator, connected with relatively long extension tubes instead of mechanical ventilators, were adopted to obtain MRI. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) extension tubes had different lengths and diameters. Lengths were 1, 2, and 3 cm and diameters were 15, and 25 mm. The work of breathing and expiratory changes of expiratory tidal volume (TVe), minute volume of expiration (MVe), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were measured by use of the mechanical ventilator, $Servoi^{(R)}$, as the alteration of TVi (inspiratory tidal volume), extension tube lengths and diameters with other values fixed. Results : Measured TVe and MVe by ventilator were the same values with control at every TVi, regardless of extension tube lengths and diameters, but PIP were increased with the rise of TVi, tube lengths, with decline of tube diameters, these were statistically significant. Conclusion : MRI examination can be carried out with a self-inflating bag connected with an extension tube at a long distance in patients who need artificial ventilation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2012

Purpose : The Purpose of this study was on determine whether thoracic expension exercise might increase the pulmonary function of the patients with stroke. Methods : Fourty paients with stroke were randomly assigned to experimental(n=20) and control group(n=20). During four weeks, each group participated thirty minutes for five times per week. Subjects were assessed using pre-value and post-value measurement pulmonary function(Forced vital capacity, Forced expiratory volume at one second, FEV1/FVC, Peak expiratory flow, Tidal volume, vital capacity, Inspiratory capacity, Expiratory reserve volume, Inspiratory reserve volume). Results : These finding suggest that experimental group was significant increase in FVC, FEV1, PEF, TV, IC, IRV, ERV($p$<.05). In comparison of two group, experimental group was high pulmonary function than control group. Conclusion : This study showed experimental group can be used to improve pulmonary function than control group. Thus it indicates that the thoracic expension exercise will be more improved through the continued respiratory exercise program.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

PURPOSE : The purpose of this study was to determine whether tredmill exercise increases pulmonary function and decreases body mass index of the 20s obesity. METHOD : Thirty obesity in their 20s were randomly assigned to on experimental group (n=15) or control group (n=15). Over the course of four weeks, the experimental group participated in tredmill exercise for 30 minutes three times per week and the control group participated in auto-med exercise for 30 minutes three times per week. Subjects were assessed pre-test and post-test by measurement of pulmonary function (tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity) and body mass index. RESULT : Our findings show that the experimental group had significant difference in expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity and body mass index (p<.05). In the comparison of the two groups, the experimental group had higher pulmonary function and lower body mass index than the control group. CONCLUSION : In this study, the experimental group showed greater improvement in pulmonary function than the control group, which indicates that the tredmill exercise is effective at increasing the pulmonary function and body mass index 20s obesity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.110-121
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• 2021

The importance of tidal flats lost due to industrialization has recently received attention, and attention is being paid to the creation of artificial tidal flats and maintenance of natural tidal flats. However, there is still a lack of understanding about the behavioral characteristics of mud, mud, and sand that form tidal flats. Although research on the movement characteristics of mixed soils such as tidal flats has been conducted through field investigations and hydraulic experiments, interest in developing a numerical model based on these results has not yet reached. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to establish a mixed soil model that can efficiently manage the low quality of the tidal flats. In constructing a model for reproducing the surface movement of mixed soil, the numerical stability of the reproduction and movement of sand and mud constituting the mixed soil in the numerical model should be considered first, so first, the volume of sand and mud constituting the mixed soil A mixed soil model representing the relationship was proposed based on a topographical diagram representing the geometric structure of the mixed soil. In order to consider the dry bulk density of the mixed soil, it was possible to consider the dry bulk density of the mud by introducing the water content of the mud containing water. In addition, it was confirmed that the mud and sand movement calculation according to the slope collapse of the mixed soil was stably performed through the calculation of the slope collapse of the mixed soil through the numerical analysis model to which the proposed mixed soil model was applied.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether tidal volume (TV) of 8 mL/kg without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and TV of 6 mL/kg with or without PEEP in pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed (PCV-VG) mode can maintain arterial oxygenation and decrease inspiratory airway pressure effectively during one-lung ventilation (OLV). Methods: The study enrolled 27 patients undergoing thoracic surgery. All patients were ventilated with PCV-VG mode. During OLV, patients were initially ventilated with TV 8 mL/kg (group TV8) without PEEP. Ventilation was subsequently changed to TV 6 mL/kg with PEEP ($5cmH_2O$; group TV6+PEEP) or without (group TV6) in random sequence. Peak inspiratory pressure ($P_{peak}$), mean airway pressure ($P_{mean}$), and arterial blood gas analysis were measured 30 min after changing ventilator settings. Ventilation was then changed once more to add or eliminate PEEP ($5cmH_2O$), while maintaining TV 6 mL/kg. Thirty min after changing ventilator settings, the same parameters were measured once more. Results: The $P_{peak}$ was significantly lower in group TV6 ($19.3{\pm}3.3cmH_2O$) than in group TV8 ($21.8{\pm}3.1cmH_2O$) and group TV6+PEEP ($20.1{\pm}3.4cmH_2O$). $PaO_2$ was significantly higher in group TV8 ($242.5{\pm}111.4mmHg$) than in group TV6 ($202.1{\pm}101.3mmHg$) (p=0.044). There was no significant difference in $PaO_2$ between group TV8 and group TV6+PEEP ($226.8{\pm}121.1mmHg$). However, three patients in group TV6 were dropped from the study because $PaO_2$ was lower than 80 mmHg after ventilation. Conclusion: It is postulated that TV 8 mL/kg without PEEP or TV 6 mL/kg with $5cmH_2O$ PEEP in PCV-VG mode during OLV can safely maintain adequate oxygenation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 1989

This paper describes to design and to examine the mechanical characteristics of high frequency jet ventilator. The device consists of Phase lock loop(PLL) system, solenoid valve driving control part and Air regulating system. This study is carried out by changing several factors such as endotracheal tube(E.T. tube)diameter, injector cannula diameter, 1%, and frequency(breaths/mim.) having direct effects on the gas exchange as well as parameters of the entrained gas by venturi effects, so as to measure the tidal volume and minute volume. This system characteristics were as follows : 1) Frequency : 6-594bpm 2) Inspiration time : 1-99% 3) Variance of input air pressure : 1-30PSI.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.173-174
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• 2012

To determine whether position affects measured lung capacity of spinal cord injury patients. The study subjects were 45 patients with spinal cord injury (cervical level 15, thoracic level 15, lumbar level 15). Subjects were provided with a full explanation of the experimental procedures and all provided written consent signifying their voluntary participation. We used a spirometer (Spirometer, Micromedical Ltd, UK) to measure pulmonary function in the supine and sitting positions (straightened upper body at an angle of $90^{\circ}$). Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1), tidal volume (TV), and maximum insufflation capacity (MIC) were also measured. FVC, FEV1, TV, MIC (%) were greater in the supine than in the sitting position for those with injury at the cervical or thoracic injury level. On the other hand, FVC, FEV1, TV, MIC (%) were lower in the supine position for those with an injury at the lumbar level. More attention should be paid to the effect of injury level on measured lung capacity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 1992

Postoperative hypoxemia in the absence of hypoventilation occurs more often after thoracic or upper abdominal surgery than lower abdominal operations or surgery on extremities. Although the factors which produce postoperative alveolar collapse have not been fully evaluated, the dominant factor of postoperative hypoxia is shunt of blood passing collapsed alveoli and the postoperative pain is associated with restriction of depth of breathing, sighing and movement. In 1979, the first successful clinical usage of epidurally administered morphine was done by Behar and associates for control of postoperative pain. This study was carried out for twenty patients who received posterolateral thoracostomy with Bled resection between May 1990 and May 1991 and who were primary spontaneous recurrent pneumothoraxes. We selected ten of twenty patients, one after the other and treated with epidural analgesia as study group and the remainder ten were grouped as control. Epidural catheters were inserted for study group before operation through T12-L1, 2 interspinous process at the pain clinic or operation room by anesthesiogist and then the drugs[0.25% Bupivacaine 15ml mixing with morphine 3mg] were instillated through the catheter before extubarion and once a day until 4th day, and the patients of control group were treated intermittently by Demerol 50mg intramuscularly for postoperative pain control. The epidural catheters were removed at postoperative 4th day. Observations were done about vital aigns, a-BGA, tidal volume, FVC and occurence of adverse effects during postoperative 2hr, 8hr, 1st day, 2nd day, 7th day in both groups. The results were as follows; [1] Tidal volume[85.1$\pm$29.8%R VS 60.8$\pm$20.5%R, p<0.05] and FVC[53.7$\pm$14.2%R, VS 35.5$\pm$9.l%R, p<0.01] were significantly improved in study group compared with control group during the first day of operation. [2] But the improvement of FVC was delayed after stopping of epidural analgesia[postoperative 7th day, 97.5$\pm$12.3%R VS 83.9$\pm$15.6%R, P <0.05]. [3] Others were statistically not significant. [4] The side effects of epidural analgesia were identified such as urinary retention[2 cases], itching sensation[1 case] and headache[1 case], but there was no need for active treatments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2024

Background: The prevalence of small airway dysfunction (SAD) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) across different ethnicities is poorly understood. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SAD in stable COPD patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 196 consecutive stable COPD patients. We measured pre- and post-bronchodilator (BD) lung function and respiratory impedance. The severity of COPD and lung function abnormalities was graded in accordance with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. SAD was defined as either difference in whole-breath resistance at 5 and 19 Hz > upper limit of normal or respiratory system reactance at 5 Hz < lower limit of normal. Results: The cohort consisted of 95.9% men, with an average age of 66.3 years. The mean forced expiratory volume 1 second (FEV₁) % predicted was 56.4%. The median COPD assessment test (CAT) scores were 14. The prevalence of post-BD SAD across the GOLD grades 1 to 4 was 14.3%, 51.1%, 91%, and 100%, respectively. The post-BD SAD and expiratory flow limitation at tidal breath (EFL_T) were present in 62.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56.1 to 69.9) and 28.1% (95% CI, 21.9 to 34.2), respectively. COPD patients with SAD had higher CAT scores (15.5 vs. 12.8, p<0.01); poor lung function (FEV₁% predicted 46.6% vs. 72.8%, p<0.01); lower diffusion capacity for CO (4.8 mmol/min/kPa vs. 5.6 mmol/min/kPa, p<0.01); hyperinflation (ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity % predicted: 159.7% vs. 129%, p<0.01), and shorter 6-minute walk distance (367.5 m vs. 390 m, p=0.02). Conclusion: SAD is present across all severities of COPD. The prevalence of SAD increases with disease severity. SAD is associated with poor lung function and higher symptom burden. Severe SAD is indicated by the presence of EFL_T.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1993

Ventilatory responses to inhaled $CO_2$ were measured during continuous negative pressure breathing (CNPB) in awake dogs. End expiratory lung volume (EELV) decreased linearly with pressure level during CNPB (correlation coefficient= 0.81, p<0.005) during air breathing. When CNPB was applied during 5% $CO_2$ inhalation, the decrease in EELV was not significantly different (p<0.5) from that during air breathing. As a result of a lowered EELV, tidal volume ($V_T$) significantly decreased by 22% and breathing frequency ($f_B$) increased by 68% in the steady state during air breathing (p<0.0001). These responses were similar during 5% $CO_2$ inhalation, thus the $CO_2$ response curve measured during CNPB shifted upward without a change in sensitivity (p>0.05). These results indicate additive effects of CNPB and $CO_2$ inhalation. The degree of hyperventilation during CNPB at eupnea was estimated to be 63% of that during control ventilation and was significantly greater than zero (p<0.0001), which suggests an alveolar hyperventilation due to CNPB. These results suggest that the mechanical alterations associated with n decrease in lung volume could play an important role in ventilatory control independently of chemical regulation of breathing. Thus, exercise hyperpnea, which is associated with a lowered functional residual capacity (FRC), may in part be explained by this mechanical stimulation of breathing.