• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ti 확산

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Processing of Water Activity Controlled Fish Meat Paste by Dielectric Heating 1. Formulation and Processing Conditions (내부가열을 이용한 보장성어육(고등어) 연제품의 가공 및 제품개발에 관한 연구 1. 원료${\cdot}$첨가물의 배합 및 가공조건)

  • LEE Kang-Ho;LEE Byeong-Ho;You Byeong-Jin;SUH Jae-Soo;JO Jin-Ho;JEONG In-Hak;JEA Yoi-Guan
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.353-360
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    • 1984
  • As an effort to expand the utilization of mackerel which has been thought disadvantageous to processors due to the defects in bloody dark color of meat, high content of lipid, and low stability of protein, and to develope a new type of product, so called, preservative fish meat paste, the processing method was studied in which dielectric heating was applied by means of cooking, pasteurization, dehydration, and control of water activity. The principle of this method is based on that dielectric heating can initiate a rapid dispersion or displacement of moisture in the meat tissue so that the level of water acivity can be controlled by dehydration with hot air meanwhile the product is cooked, pasteurized, and texturized. And the product is finally heated with electric heaters and vacuum sealed to stabilize water activity and storage stability. In present paper, a formula for preparing the fish meat-stach paste, the conditions of dielectric heating and dehydration, shape and size of the product, and other parameters were tested to optimize the process operation. A formula of the fish meat-starch paste to provide proper textural properties and water activity was $10\%$ starch, $1.5\%$ salt, $3\%$ soybean, $0.6\%$ MSG, $2\%$ sucrose, and $3\%$ sorbitol against the weight of fish meat. A proper shape and size of the product to avoid foaming and case hardening during heating was sliced disc of 8 cm $diameter{\times}0.8$ cm thickness or $10{\times}10$ cm square plate with 1.0 cm thickness. The disc shape was recommended because it resulted more uniform heating, minimum foaming and case hardening. And it was also advantageous that disc was simply provided when the fish meat disc was stuffed in the same, solidified in boiling water for 2 to 3 minutes, and sliced. Condition of dielectric heating was critical to decide the levels of sterility, water activity, and textural property of the product. The temperature at the center of the meat disc slices was raised up to $95^{\circ}C$ in 1.5 minutes so that continuous exposure to microwave caused expanded tissue and hardening ending up with a higher water content. Heating for 5 to 6 minutes was adequate to yield the final water activity of 0.86 to 0.83(35 to $40\%$ moisture). It is important, however, that heating had to be done periodically, for instance, in the manner of 2.0, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.0 minute to give enough time to displace or evaporate moisture from the meat tissue. The product was dehydrated for 2 to 3 minutes by hot air of $60^{\circ}C$, 3 to 5m/sec and finally exposed to electric heaters for 5 to 6 minutes until the surface was roasted deep brown. These conditions of heating and dehydration resulted in a complete reduction of total plate count from an initial count of $5.3{\times}10^6/g$ to less than $3{\times}10^2/g$. General composition of the product was $40.1\%$ moisture, $20.8\%$ protein, $17.4\%$ lipid, $16.2\%$ carbohydrate, and $5.5\%$ ash. Textural properties revealed folding test AA, hardness 42, cohesiveness 0.53, toughness 4.6, and elasticity 0.8.

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Exploring an Integrated Garden City Theory Based on East Asian Garden Culture - Centering on Community and Integration - (동아시아 정원문화에 기반한 통합적 정원도시론의 모색 - 공동체성과 통합성을 중심으로 -)

  • Ahn, Myung-June
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.13-26
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    • 2023
  • Landscapes and gardens have emerged as an important medium of practice in contemporary cities. Among them, this paper examines the city through the frame of gardens. This is because gardens are being reconceptualized as a medium of activity for urban residents and have become an important subject of action in urban regeneration and the creation of urban villages. From this perspective, this paper examines and proposes an "integrated garden city theory" as a landscape theory suitable for the contemporary era by focusing on the urban structure and the behavior of urban residents through the medium of gardens, as well as the process and results. This is both a process and a result of looking back at the evolution of landscape for over a century and rethinking the identity of landscape. We first examined garden city theory, noting that Ebenezer Howard and Frederick Law Olmsted's positions on the relationship between gardens and cities were not so different, and that "working and responsive landscapes" were fundamental to cities and the beginning of landscape theory. We also examine how their ideals have not been fully realized in cities over the past century, but the prototype of gardens based on traditional garden culture is now being formed in East Asian cities, and the evolution of landscape theory in response. The conclusion is that a new version of the garden concept should be reestablished as a living infrastructure in our cities, and a new garden city theory is needed to make it work. To this end, each chapter examines three arguments, as follows First, the values of gardens and East Asian garden cultures in contemporary cities are shaped by the themes of community and integrity. Second, Korean communality, represented by apartments, is expressed through gardening and requires the reconciliation of city and life and the role of landscape architecture as a specialized field to support it. Third, we examine and consider an integrated garden city theory as a theory of practice in which city-based, everyday life, and garden mediums, i.e., city, life, and garden, are organic, based on an oriental view of nature. As a result, it is confirmed that contemporary gardens and cities are looking for important elements and values that still need to be rediscovered in East Asian landscape and garden cultures. Although the proposal of an integrated garden city theory cannot guarantee the continuation of landscaping, it can be an opportunity for all fields related to cities, not just landscaping, to collaborate and consider garden cities. Through this, it is hoped that "the concept of garden and city suitable for metropolitan or dense cities, ways to spread and support garden culture based on community, evolution of landscape theory/design theory suitable for lifestyle and terrain conditions, search for sustainable/resilient garden city theory that can respond to climate change, and establishing a new role for landscape in the 21st century" will be seriously considered.