• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제56권7호
• /
• pp.298-303
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term thyroid dysfunction and related risk factors in pediatric patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) during childhood. Methods: We studied 166 patients (100 boys and 66 girls) who underwent HSCT at the Catholic HSCT Center from January 2004 through December 2009. The mean age at HSCT was $10.0{\pm}4.8$ years. Thyroid function of the patients was tested before and during 3 months of HSCT. Results: Out of 166 patients, 165 (99.4%) underwent allotransplantation. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD, grades II to IV) developed in 76 patients. Conditioning regimens before HSCT include total body irradiation (n=57), busulfan (n=80), and reduced intensity (n=29). Forty-five (27.1%) had thyroid dysfunction during 3 months after HSCT (29 euthyroid sick syndrome [ESS], 6 subclinical hyperthyroidism, 4 subclinical hypothyroidism, 3 hypothyroxinemia, 2 overt hyperthyroidism, and 1 high $T_4$ syndrome). In a univariate logistic regression analysis, age at HSCT (P=0.002) and acute GVHD (P=0.009) had statistically significant relationships with thyroid dysfunction during 3 months after HSCT. Also, in a univariate logistic regression analysis, ESS (P=0.014) showed a strong statistically significant association with mortality. Conclusion: In our study 27.1% patients experienced thyroid dysfunction during 3 months after HSCT. Increase in age and acute GVHD may be risk factors for thyroid dysfunction during 3 months after HSCT. There was a significant association between ESS and mortality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제58권6호
• /
• pp.224-229
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Thyroid dysfunction is common in preterm infants. Congenital hypothyroidism causes neurodevelopmental impairment, which is preventable if properly treated. This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of thyroid dysfunction in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs), evaluate risk factors of hypothyroidism, and suggest the reassessment of thyroid function with an initially normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as part of a newborn screening test. Methods: VLBWIs (January 2010 to December 2012) were divided into two groups according to dysfunction-specific thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and associated factors were evaluated. Results: Of VLBWIs, 246 survivors were enrolled. Only 12.2% (30/246) of enrolled subjects exhibited thyroid dysfunction requiring thyroid hormone replacement. Moreover, only one out of 30 subjects who required thyroid hormone treatment had abnormal thyroid function in the newborn screening test with measured TSH. Most of the subjects in the treatment group (22/30) exhibited delayed TSH elevation. Gestational age, Apgar score, antenatal steroids therapy, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, postnatal steroids therapy, and duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ between the two groups. Birth weight was smaller and infants with small for gestational age were more frequent in the treatment group. Conclusion: Physicians should not rule out suggested hypothyroidism, even when thyroid function of a newborn screening test is normal. We suggest retesting TSH and free thyroxine in high risk preterm infants with an initially normal TSH level using a newborn screening test.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.218-228
• /
• 2012

The prevalence rate of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) has increased within the Korean population and seems to be affected by iodine dietary habits. Some studies reported that the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction increase both in the area of iodine deficiency and excess. In this study, we tried to discover the difference in iodine intake, anthropometric measurements, and blood parameters between male subjects with or without subclinical thyroid dysfunction. A total of 5,249 subjects (Euthyroid: 4706, SubHypo: 454, SubHyper: 89) were used in this study. There were no significant differences in BMI, body fat, visceral fat, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG, fasting serum glucose, HbA1c, alcohol intake, however significant differences were noticed in both age and smoking status. Through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), iodine intake per day was estimated. The average iodine intake was similar (SubHypo $392.9{\pm}279.0{\mu}g$, Euthyroid $376.5{\pm}281.7{\mu}g$, SubHyper $357.3{\pm}253.8 {\mu}g$) among groups. The main source of iodine intake was eggs (52.8%, 54.2%, 52.4%) followed by milk (16.3%, 15.8%, 17.8%), then sea mustard & sea tangle (12.4%, 11.9%, 11.6%). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism was higher in subjects whose intake was higher than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). These results suggest that the excess consumption of iodine intake may act as one of the risk factors regarding thyroid dysfunction in Korea. Therefore, an adequate amount of iodine intake is necessary in order to prevent subclinical thyroid dysfunction and clinical thyroid dysfunction.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2019

Objectives Thyroid hormone deficiency during the neurodevelopmental period can impair brain development and induce psychiatric symptoms. This study examined the association between thyroid dysfunction and the severity of symptoms in schizophrenia patients, and the treatment response of patients with schizophrenia. Methods Three hundred thirty-eight schizophrenia patients, with no prior history of thyroid disease or taking medication associated with it, were studied. We assessed the blood thyroid hormone level, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores on the day of admission and discharge, admission period, dose of administered antipsychotics, and the number of antipsychotic combinations. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson's chi-square test. Results The percentage of schizophrenia patients who presented with abnormal thyroid hormone level was 24.6%. High total triiodothyronine (TT3) (p = 0.003), low TT3 (p = 0.001), and high free thyroxine (fT4) (p < 0.001) groups showed a higher BPRS score on admission than did the normal thyroid hormone group, while thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were not significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms. Furthermore, thyroid hormone was not associated with the treatment response assessed by the rate of BPRS score reduction, admission days, use of clozapine, and dose of antipsychotics. Conclusions The TT3 and fT4 hormone levels were significantly associated with the severity of symptoms in schizophrenia patients. These relations suggested that thyroid dysfunction may be associated with the severity of schizophrenia. And hence, further analysis of the results of the thyroid function test, which is commonly used in cases of psychiatric admission, is required.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 2017

혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR과 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR을 측정하는 것은 신장기능을 평가하기 위하여 가장 널리 이용되는 방법이다. 갑상선호르몬은 혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR과 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 갑상선기능이상 환자에게서 신장기능평가에 대한 위의 두마커의 임상적 의미는 아직 명료하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 갑상선기능이상 환자에서 혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR과 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR에 대한 갑상선호르몬의 영향과 상관성에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 442명의 갑상선기능저하 환자와 284명의 갑상선기능항진 환자를 대상으로 갑상선호르몬과 혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR, 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR과의 상관관계 분석을 하였다. 상관관계 분석 결과는 갑상선기능이상 환자들에서 갑상선호르몬과 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR이 갑상선호르몬과 혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR보다 독립적으로 신장기능을 평가할수 있는 지표로 나타났다. 결론적으로 갑상선기능이상 환자에서 혈청 Cystatin C 기반 eGFR이 혈청 크레아티닌 기반 eGFR보다 정확하게 신장의 기능을 반영할 수 있는 지표인 것을 알 수 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제52권9호
• /
• pp.991-998
• /
• 2009

목 적 : 갑상선호르몬은 소아에서 뇌의 발달에 매우 중요한 호르몬이므로 갑상선기능이상에 대한 조기진단 및 치료는 중요하다. 미숙아에서는 이러한 갑상선의 기능이상이 만삭아에 비해 많이 발생한다. 본 연구의 목적은 미숙아에서의 갑상선기능이상의 빈도, 임상양상 및 경과 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1999년 4월에서 2008년 8월까지 단국대학교병원 신생아중환자실에 입원한 37주 미만의 미숙아 802명 중 초기 갑상선기능검사의 결과를 확인 할 수 있었던 599명의 환아를 대상으로 의무기록을 통해 후향적으로 연구하였다. 1, 2차 검사의 결과에 따라 정상군, 일차성 갑상선기능저하증군, 고갑상선자극호르몬혈증군, 저티록신혈증군, 지연된 일차성 갑상선기능저하증군, 지연된 고갑상선자극호르몬혈증군의 6군으로 나누었다. 각 군 간의 임상특징, APGAR 점수 및 여러 위험인자들, 검사결과 등을 비교하였고 갑상선기능이상의 빈도 및 경과, 위험요소 등을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 599명중 1차 갑상선기능이상을 보인 환아는 136명(23%)이었고 저티록신혈증이 20%로 가장 많았다. 처음 NST는 정상이었으나 생후 3-4주경 2차 검사를 시행한 46명 중 8명(17%)에서 갑상상선기능이상을 보였다. 갑상선호르몬은 총 10명에서 투여되었고, 9명에서는 호전을 보여 중단이 가능하였다. 1명은 이소성 갑상선으로 지속적인 복용이 필요한 상태이다. 결 론 : 미숙아에서 갑상선기능 이상은 매우 흔하였고, 대부분 일시적이었다. 때로는 초기 검사에서 정상이었다가 뒤늦은 이상을 보일 수 있으므로 미숙아의 경우 특히 33주 미만 또는 2,500 g 미만의 경우 처음 검사가 정상이더라도 3-4주경에 재검하는 것은 필요하다고 생각한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1994

1986년 9월부터 1992년 10월까지 경북대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 방사선치료 단독요법이나 수술 흑은 화학요법과의 병합요법으로 치료받은 두경부종양 환자 75명을 대상으로 경부 방사선조사가 갑상선기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 전향적 조사를 실시하였다. 모든 환자는 방사선치료전 및 방사선치료후에 정기적으로 임상검사 및 갑상선 기능검사를 시행하였다. 갑상선조사선량은 35Gy에서 60Gy였고 그 중앙값은 50Gy였으며 추적관찰기간은 11개월에서 85개월로 중앙추적기간은 30개월 이었다. 결과를 보면 갑상선 기능이상의 빈도는 40$ \% $(30명)이었다. 45명(60$ \% $)은 갑상선 기능이 정상이었으며 2명(3$ \% $)은 임상적 갑상선 기능저하증 이었고 27명(36$ \% $)은 준임상적 갑상선 기능저하증 이었다. 갑상선 기능항진증이 1명(1$ \% $)에서 발견되었으며 갑상선 결절이나 악성종양은 발견되지 알았다. 수술 및 방사선치료군에서 갑상선 기능이상이 다른 치료군에서보다 일찍 발생하였다(p=0.0013). 다변량분석에 따르면 방사선치료후 갑상선 기능이상의 발생빈도에 영향을 주는 위험인자는 여성(p=0.0293) 및 전후두절제술과 방사선치료의 병합요법(p=0.0045)였다. 결론적으로 방사선치료후 정확한 시기에 갑상선 기능이상을 발견하기 위하여 방사선 치료전 및 방사선 치료후에 정기적인 갑상선 기능검사가 필요하며 갑상선 기능이상이 발견되면 즉시 갑상선 호르몬제재 치료를 하여야 하겠다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2015

The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. Moreover, the thyroid gland continuously interacts with the ovaries, and the thyroid hormones are involved in almost all phases of reproduction. Thyroid dysfunctions are relatively common among women of reproductive age, and can affect fertility in various ways, resulting in anovulatory cycles, high prolactin levels, and sex hormone imbalances. Undiagnosed and untreated thyroid disease can be a cause of subfertility. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), also known as mild thyroid failure, is diagnosed when peripheral thyroid hormone levels are within the normal reference laboratory range, but serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are mildly elevated. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is characterized by the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, which include anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. SCH and TAI may remain latent, asymptomatic, or even undiagnosed for an extended period. It has also been demonstrated that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation has a significant impact on thyroid function, particularly in women with TAI. In the current review, we describe the interactions between thyroid dysfunctions and subfertility, as well as the proper work-up and management of thyroid dysfunctions in subfertile women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권18호
• /
• pp.8425-8430
• /
• 2016

Purpose: To study the safety of prophylactic level VII nodal dissection regarding hypoparathyroidism (temporary and permanent) and vocal cord dysfunction (temporary and permanent) and its impact on disease free survival. Materials and Methods: This prospective study concerned 63 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma with N0 neck node involvement (clinically and radiologically) in the period from December 2009 to May 2013. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central neck dissection including levels VI and VII lymph nodes in group A (31 patients) and level VI only in group B (32 patients). The thyroid gland, level VI and level VII lymph nodes were each examined histopathologically separately for tumor size, multicentricity, bilaterality, extrathyroidal extension, number of dissected LNs and metastatic LNs. Follow-up of both groups, regarding hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord dysfunction and DFS, ranged from 6-61 months. Results: The mean age was 34.8 and 34.3, female predominance in both groups with F: M 24:7 and 27:5 in groups A and B, respectively. Mean tumor size was 12.6 and 14.7mm. No statistical differences were found between both groups regarding age, sex, bilaterality, multicentricity or extrathyroidal extension. The mean no. of dissected level VI LNs was 5.06 and 4.72 and mean no. of metastatic level VI was 1 and 0.84 in groups A and B, respectively. The mean no. of dissected level VII LNs was 2.16 and mean no. of metastatic LNs was 0.48. Postoperatively temporary hypoparathyroidism was detected in 10 and 7 patients and permanent hypoparathyroidism in 2 and 3 patients; temporary vocal cord dysfunction was detected in 4 patients and one patient, and permanent vocal cord dysfunction in one and 2 patients in groups A and B, respectively. No significant statistical differences were noted between the 2 groups regarding hypoparathyroidism (P=0.535) or vocal cord dysfunction (P=0.956). The number of dissected LNs at level VI only significantly affected the occurrence of hypoparathyroidism (<0.001) and vocal cord dysfunction (<0.001).The DFS was significantly affected by bilaterality, multicentricity and extrathyroidal extension. Conclusions: Level VII nodal dissection is a safe procedure complementary to level VI nodal dissection with prophylactic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제57권10호
• /
• pp.425-433
• /
• 2014

Adrenal and thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of intrauterine homeostasis, and for the timely differentiation and maturation of fetal organs. These hormones play complex roles during fetal life, and are believed to underlie the cellular communication that coordinates maternal-fetal interactions. They serve to modulate the functional adaptation for extrauterine life during the perinatal period. The pathophysiology of systemic vasopressor-resistant hypotension is associated with low levels of circulating cortisol, a result of immaturity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in preterm infants under stress. Over the past few decades, studies in preterm infants have shown abnormal clinical findings that suggest adrenal or thyroid dysfunction, yet the criteria used to diagnose adrenal insufficiency in preterm infants continue to be arbitrary. In addition, although hypothyroidism is frequently observed in extremely low gestational age infants, the benefits of thyroid hormone replacement therapy remain controversial. Screening methods for congenital hypothyroidism or congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the preterm neonate are inconclusive. Thus, further understanding of fetal and perinatal adrenal and thyroid function will provide an insight into the management of adrenal and thyroid function in the preterm infant.